In civil litigation, most lawsuits are resolved by the voluntary agreement (settlement) of the parties (litigants) before the judge, jury, or arbitrator decides how the case should be resolved. But if a case goes to trial and the judge or jury decides how the case should be resolved, one or more parties to the lawsuit may appeal that decision to a higher court—usually a court of appeals, whether in the state court system or the federal court system.

And one or more of the parties who are dissatisfied with the decision of the court of appeals generally may ask the highest court in the jurisdiction (state court or federal court) to review the decision of the lower court(s). The highest court in the state court system is often called the supreme court—but in some states it has a different name—for example, in New York it is called the New York Court of Appeals. And in the federal court system the highest court is the United States Supreme Court.

There are different standards by which higher courts review the decisions of lower courts, and these are known as standards of review. In many cases appellate courts are required to give deference to the decision made by the jury or the lower court.

These decisions are reviewed for an abuse of discretion, and the higher court will only reverse the lower court’s decision if it determines the lower court abused its discretion. And in some states certain decisions made by the lower court or the jury are reviewed using a substantial evidence standard, and the question for the higher court is whether there is substantial evidence to support the decision of the lower court or the jury.

Finally, some decisions are reviewed without giving deference to the decision made by the jury or the lower court, and this standard of review is called de novo review.

In Michigan, civil litigation often concludes with a settlement between the parties before a case reaches a verdict by a judge or jury. However, if a case does go to trial and a party is dissatisfied with the outcome, they have the right to appeal to a higher court. In Michigan's state court system, the next level of appeal after the trial court is the Michigan Court of Appeals. Should a party wish to challenge the decision further, they may request the Michigan Supreme Court to review the case, although the Supreme Court has discretion over which cases it hears. Similarly, in the federal system, parties can appeal to the United States Court of Appeals and potentially to the United States Supreme Court. The standards of review used by appellate courts in Michigan include 'abuse of discretion,' where the appellate court will only overturn a lower court's decision if it finds a clear abuse of discretion; 'substantial evidence,' which examines whether there is enough evidence to support the lower court's decision; and 'de novo,' where the appellate court reviews the case without deference to the lower court's findings. The standard applied depends on the nature of the decision being appealed.