Intestacy and Intestate Succession Laws

If a person dies without a will they are said to have died intestate and the distribution of the deceased person's assets (real property and personal property) is determined by the state's intestate succession laws—which are usually located in a state’s statutes—often in the estates code or probate code.

In other words, if a person does not make a written will directing how their assets are to be distributed at their death, the distribution of their estate's assets defaults to the state's intestate succession laws—which generally distributes the estate's assets to the deceased person's (decedent's) surviving relatives.

Need for Court Supervised Administration of Estate

If a deceased person (decedent) died without a will (died intestate)—or is deemed to have died without a will because the will was not timely offered for probate—the decedent's estate may or may not need to be administered with court supervision—also known as administration (independent or dependent) or intestacy probate.

In making this determination, the first question may be whether all real property in the decedent's estate will be transferred to a surviving spouse (or other relatives) by operation of law under the state's community property laws (if it is a community property state), elective share laws, right of survivorship laws, or intestate succession laws. These laws are usually located in a state’s statutes—often in the family code, estates code, or probate code.

The second question may be whether there is money or property due to the estate that needs to be collected and whether the estate has debts that need to be paid.

And the third question may be whether there are any unknown heirs of the decedent that should be identified, located, and notified of the decedent's death and estate.

If the answer to each of these questions is no, there may be no need for a court-supervised administration or intestacy probate of the estate.

Probate

Probate is the court-supervised process for legally recognizing a person’s death and giving legal authority to one or more persons to deal with the estate’s creditors, debtors, and beneficiaries.

Probate—with or without a will—is generally necessary when the decedent owned personal property and real property at the time of death, and the next rightful owners of the property (heirs) need to be identified and documented so possession and ownership of the property can be transferred in a legally defensible way. Probate is also generally necessary when the decedent had outstanding debts at the time of death.

The law generally distinguishes between probate assets and nonprobate assets. Probate assets are property that passes to the next owner at the decedent's death through a will. Because a will was historically known as a testament, these probate assets are sometimes called testamentary assets.

Nonprobate assets (nontestamentary assets) are those assets that are not disposed of by will or by the laws that determine the transfer of property when a person dies without a will (intestate succession laws). Nonprobate assets are said to pass outside the probate estate.

Common examples of nonprobate assets are:

• property that passes by virtue of a contract with a designated beneficiary—such as life insurance policy proceeds and retirement plans (e.g., 401k, IRA);

• property that passes by right of survivorship, such as joint checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit, and POD (payable on death) accounts;

• government benefits that are paid after the decedent's death, such as Social Security survivor benefits, Veterans benefits (survivors' pension or death pension), and U.S. Civil Service death benefits for a surviving spouse and children; and

• property in an inter vivos trust whose distribution is determined by the trustee after the decedent's death.

Thus, if the decedent died with only nonprobate assets—and with no outstanding debts—probate procedures are generally not necessary to administer the decedent's estate. But if the decedent died with only probate assets and some debts, it may be advisable for the estate to use the probate process to pay any debts due and protect the beneficiaries against claims of debt that are not due.

Laws regarding the transfer of property and assets and the payment of an estate’s debts when the decedent died without a will vary from state to state—including the options available for transferring or distributing assets (such as the small estate process or affidavit) and the terminology used for the different processes. Persons dealing with the estate of a decedent who died without a will are often well-served by consulting with a lawyer who specializes in these matters.

In Texas, if a person dies without a will, they are considered to have died 'intestate,' and their estate is distributed according to the state's intestate succession laws, which are found in the Texas Estates Code. These laws prioritize the deceased person's closest relatives, with the spouse, children, and parents typically being the first in line to inherit. If there is no surviving spouse or children, the estate may go to siblings, grandparents, or more distant relatives. The need for court-supervised administration, known as probate, depends on various factors, including the nature of the property, the existence of debts, and whether there are unknown heirs. Texas allows for independent administration, which is less court-involved, if the heirs agree and the court approves. Probate is generally necessary to transfer ownership of the decedent's assets, settle debts, and ensure legal title passes to the rightful heirs. However, certain assets, such as life insurance proceeds, retirement accounts, and property held in joint tenancy with right of survivorship, are considered nonprobate assets and pass outside of the probate process. Individuals dealing with an intestate estate in Texas may benefit from consulting with an attorney to navigate the legal requirements and ensure proper distribution of the estate.