Child custody (also known as legal custody, conservatorship, or allocation of parenting time and responsibilities) refers to the legal possession, rights, and responsibilities for a minor child by the child’s birth or adoptive parents—including the right to make health care, religious, cultural, and education decisions about the child's upbringing.

During separation, and following divorce, a child’s natural parents often share custody of the child (shared custody or joint custody)—unless one or both of the child’s natural or adoptive parents are deemed to be unfit or pose a risk to the health, safety, and well-being of the child (the child’s best interests). If one of the parents is deemed unfit, the other parent may be awarded sole custody of the child. In some cases a parent who is not allowed to have custody of a child may be given visitation rights—sometimes under the supervision of another adult (supervised visitation). Child custody laws are usually located in your state’s statutes governing family and domestic matters, and may be referred to as the Family Code.

Child custody is distinct from guardianship of a child, which usually involves a relative or an unrelated person temporarily agreeing to take responsibility for a child following the death of the child’s birth or adoptive parents, or their abandonment. And adoption is taking full and permanent responsibility for a child by someone other than the child’s birth parents.

In Texas, child custody is legally referred to as 'conservatorship.' Under the Texas Family Code, conservatorship is determined based on the best interest of the child, with a preference for allowing parents to share in the rights and duties of raising their child (joint managing conservatorship). However, if evidence shows that a joint conservatorship would not be in the child's best interest, the court may appoint one parent as a sole managing conservator. Factors considered in determining the child's best interest include the child's physical and emotional needs, the stability of each parent's home environment, and any history of family violence or substance abuse. Texas law also provides for possession and access (visitation), which may include standard, modified, or supervised visitation depending on the circumstances. The state encourages parents to create a parenting plan that outlines the division of time and decision-making responsibilities. If parents cannot agree, the court will establish a schedule. Guardianship and adoption are separate legal arrangements from conservatorship, with guardianship often being a temporary arrangement and adoption permanently transferring all parental rights and responsibilities from the child's birth parents to the adoptive parents.