Child custody (also known as legal custody, conservatorship, or allocation of parenting time and responsibilities) refers to the legal possession, rights, and responsibilities for a minor child by the child’s birth or adoptive parents—including the right to make health care, religious, cultural, and education decisions about the child's upbringing.

During separation, and following divorce, a child’s natural parents often share custody of the child (shared custody or joint custody)—unless one or both of the child’s natural or adoptive parents are deemed to be unfit or pose a risk to the health, safety, and well-being of the child (the child’s best interests). If one of the parents is deemed unfit, the other parent may be awarded sole custody of the child. In some cases a parent who is not allowed to have custody of a child may be given visitation rights—sometimes under the supervision of another adult (supervised visitation). Child custody laws are usually located in your state’s statutes governing family and domestic matters, and may be referred to as the Family Code.

Child custody is distinct from guardianship of a child, which usually involves a relative or an unrelated person temporarily agreeing to take responsibility for a child following the death of the child’s birth or adoptive parents, or their abandonment. And adoption is taking full and permanent responsibility for a child by someone other than the child’s birth parents.

In Oregon, child custody laws are designed to ensure the best interests of the child are prioritized during and after the parents' separation or divorce. Custody can be categorized into legal custody, which involves the right to make major decisions about the child's welfare, and physical custody, which pertains to with whom the child will live. Oregon courts may grant joint custody, where both parents share these rights and responsibilities, or sole custody to one parent if the other is deemed unfit or if it is in the child's best interest. Unfit parents may be those who pose a risk to the child's safety or well-being. Even if a parent is not granted custody, they may receive visitation rights, which can be supervised if necessary. The state's statutes governing these matters can typically be found under family and domestic relations law. It's important to note that child custody is different from guardianship or adoption, which involve taking responsibility for a child under different legal circumstances.