A juvenile court—also known as a young offender’s court—is a special court that handles criminal proceedings against minors—usually a child age 17 or younger, but in some states a child age 16 or younger, or age 15 or younger. Juveniles who are accused of violating a criminal statute against theft, drug use, drug possession, assault, disorderly conduct, underage drinking, truancy (skipping school), and curfew violations are often handled by juvenile courts. Juvenile dependency cases in which the state seeks to remove minors from a troubled home environment (when they are abused or neglected by their parents or guardians) are also handled by juvenile courts. But more violent offenses such as aggravated assault, rape, murder, and robbery are less likely to be prosecuted in juvenile court.

Cases in juvenile court are civil proceedings rather than criminal proceedings. This is significant because in juvenile court minors are charged with committing a delinquent act (a civil matter) rather than being charged with a criminal act. In juvenile court, juveniles do not have all of the Constitutional rights as an adult in criminal court does (such as the right to a jury trial), but police, prosecutors, and court officials have broad discretion in handling the case and giving the juvenile a second chance.

In Virginia, juvenile courts are known as Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts. These courts handle cases involving juveniles under the age of 18 who are accused of committing delinquent acts, which would be crimes if committed by an adult, such as theft, drug offenses, assault, and other violations. Juvenile courts in Virginia also deal with cases of child abuse, neglect, or abandonment in dependency matters. While juvenile proceedings are civil in nature, certain serious offenses committed by juveniles, such as murder, rape, or robbery, may be transferred to adult court, depending on the circumstances and the age of the offender. Juveniles in Virginia's juvenile courts do not have the right to a jury trial, but they do have other constitutional protections, such as the right to an attorney and the right to remain silent. The juvenile justice system in Virginia emphasizes rehabilitation and offers various programs and services aimed at helping young offenders avoid future involvement with the law.