A juvenile court—also known as a young offender’s court—is a special court that handles criminal proceedings against minors—usually a child age 17 or younger, but in some states a child age 16 or younger, or age 15 or younger. Juveniles who are accused of violating a criminal statute against theft, drug use, drug possession, assault, disorderly conduct, underage drinking, truancy (skipping school), and curfew violations are often handled by juvenile courts. Juvenile dependency cases in which the state seeks to remove minors from a troubled home environment (when they are abused or neglected by their parents or guardians) are also handled by juvenile courts. But more violent offenses such as aggravated assault, rape, murder, and robbery are less likely to be prosecuted in juvenile court.

Cases in juvenile court are civil proceedings rather than criminal proceedings. This is significant because in juvenile court minors are charged with committing a delinquent act (a civil matter) rather than being charged with a criminal act. In juvenile court, juveniles do not have all of the Constitutional rights as an adult in criminal court does (such as the right to a jury trial), but police, prosecutors, and court officials have broad discretion in handling the case and giving the juvenile a second chance.

In Arizona, juvenile courts handle cases involving minors who are accused of violating laws, typically those under the age of 18. These courts deal with a range of offenses from theft, drug-related offenses, assault, disorderly conduct, underage drinking, truancy, to curfew violations. Juvenile dependency matters, where the state intervenes in cases of abuse or neglect, are also within the jurisdiction of these courts. However, for more serious and violent crimes such as aggravated assault, rape, murder, and robbery, the juvenile may be tried in adult court, depending on the severity of the offense and the minor's age. In Arizona's juvenile court system, proceedings are civil rather than criminal, meaning that minors are adjudicated for delinquent acts instead of being criminally charged. While juveniles do not have the right to a jury trial and some other constitutional protections afforded to adults, the system emphasizes rehabilitation and offers juveniles the opportunity for a second chance, with various diversion and intervention programs available. The discretion of law enforcement, prosecutors, and judges plays a significant role in determining the outcome of each case.