A criminal conspiracy is generally a partnership formed to commit a crime or crimes. A criminal conspiracy exists when two or more persons form an agreement to violate a law that includes criminal penalties, and then take one or more steps designed to accomplish the goal of the conspiracy.

Federal and state statutes make criminal conspiracies illegal for two primary purposes: (1) to help combat the powerful forces created when two or more people collaborate to commit a crime; and (2) to allow criminal prosecutors (state and federal) to prosecute persons who play a role in planning a crime but who are not involved in the physical acts taken to complete the underlying crime.

For example, under federal law, if two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States, or to defraud the United States, or any agency of the United States in any manner or for any purpose, and one or more of such persons do any act to accomplish the objective of the conspiracy, each of the conspirators may be fined under and imprisoned for up to five years. See 18 U.S.C. §371. And most states have statutes (usually located in the penal or criminal code) that make criminal conspiracies a crime and include significant punishment upon conviction.

In Georgia, criminal conspiracy is defined under the Official Code of Georgia Annotated (O.C.G.A.) § 16-4-8. A criminal conspiracy occurs when two or more persons agree to commit a crime and at least one of them performs an overt act to further the conspiracy. The punishment for conspiracy in Georgia depends on the nature of the crime that the conspirators agreed to commit. If the crime is a felony, the punishment for conspiracy is generally one to five years' imprisonment. However, if the crime is a misdemeanor, the punishment for conspiracy is generally up to half the maximum period of imprisonment or half the maximum fine for the misdemeanor, or both. This state statute aligns with the federal law under 18 U.S.C. § 371, which also criminalizes conspiracy to commit an offense against or to defraud the United States, with penalties including fines and imprisonment for up to five years. Both state and federal laws aim to dismantle the collaborative efforts to commit crimes and enable the prosecution of individuals involved in the planning stages of criminal activities, even if they do not participate in the execution of the underlying crime.