Child endangerment laws vary from state to state in their naming (child abuse, child neglect, neglectful supervision, etc.), definitions, and penalties (misdemeanor or felony, jail or probation). But parents, guardians, and other adult caregivers with responsibility for supervising children have an obligation to protect those children from unreasonably dangerous conditions.

Situations that may constitute child endangerment include (1) leaving a child unattended in a motor vehicle; (2) serving alcohol to an underage driver; (3) driving while intoxicated with a child in the motor vehicle; (4) leaving a young child unsupervised in an unsafe place or situation; (5) unreasonable punishment resulting in bodily injury (severe spanking, burning, extended isolation, etc.); (6) hiring a babysitter, nanny, or other adult supervisor with a known history of sexual or other abuse of children; (7) leaving firearms within the reach of children; (8) exposing a child to drug transactions or manufacturing; (9) exposing a child to pornography; (10) engaging in sexual activity in view of a child; and (11) placing or allowing a child to remain in a situation that may endanger the child’s life, physical health, mental health, emotional health, morals, or development.

Child endangerment laws are usually included in a state’s penal or criminal code (statutes)—which provide for the related criminal charges—and in a state’s family code (statutes) that address the civil (non-criminal) implications of child endangerment—often in the context of divorce and child custody matters.

Except in limited circumstances, federal laws generally do not apply to child endangerment matters that take place within a single state. Such criminal matters that take place within a single state are generally handled by state or local authorities and prosecuted under state laws. But if the endangerment of a child involves conduct or materials in multiple states, or occurs on federal lands (military bases, American Indian territories) the offense may be prosecuted under federal law.

In Arizona, child endangerment is addressed under both criminal and civil statutes. Arizona Revised Statutes (ARS) §13-3623 covers child abuse, which can include physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, as well as neglect or abandonment. Child endangerment can be charged as a misdemeanor or felony, depending on the severity of the circumstances, and penalties can range from probation to significant prison time. Specific actions such as leaving a child unattended in a vehicle are also addressed under ARS §13-1201, which can result in a class 1 misdemeanor. Additionally, driving under the influence with a minor in the vehicle can enhance DUI penalties under ARS §28-1383. In civil contexts, such as family law, child endangerment can impact custody decisions, with courts prioritizing the child's safety and well-being. Federal laws typically do not apply unless the conduct crosses state lines, involves federal land, or includes federal offenses such as child pornography. In such cases, federal agencies may become involved, and federal prosecution may ensue.