Child abduction is the offense of wrongfully removing, retaining, detaining, or concealing a child. There are generally two types of child abductions: child abduction by a parent and child abduction by a stranger. Child abduction by a stranger is always a criminal offense.

But the more common type of child abduction is by a parent—often during or after a divorce or other domestic strife. Laws on child abduction by a parent vary from state to state, but if there is no child custody order from a court in place, and if the child’s parents are not living together, one parent’s taking of the child may not be a criminal offense (crime). But many states make it a crime for such a parent to travel across state lines with the child—and in some states it is a felony offense. And if the parent’s taking or abduction of the child violates a child custody order, it will often be a criminal offense—sometimes called interference with child custody.

And federal law prohibits a parent from removing a child from the United States, or keeping a child in another country with the intent to obstruct another parent’s custodial rights. This crime is known as international parental kidnapping, and it is a felony offense.

In Virginia, child abduction is taken very seriously, whether by a stranger or a parent. Child abduction by a stranger is always a criminal offense. Parental abduction, which is more common, can also be a criminal offense under certain circumstances. If a parent takes or retains a child in violation of a court-issued custody order, it is considered a criminal offense, often referred to as 'custodial interference.' Virginia law (Virginia Code § 18.2-47.1) makes it a Class 6 felony if a parent abducts their own child and removes them from the Commonwealth or retains them outside the Commonwealth with the intent to deprive the other parent of their parental or custodial rights. Furthermore, under federal law, specifically the International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act (IPKCA), it is a felony for a parent to remove a child from the United States or retain them in another country with the intent to obstruct another parent's custodial rights. This federal law applies to all states, including Virginia, and is aimed at preventing international parental kidnapping.