Except as provided in this section, a Roth IRA shall be treated for purposes of this title in the same manner as an individual retirement plan.

For purposes of this title, the term “Roth IRA” means an individual retirement plan (as defined in section 7701(a)(37)) which is designated (in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe) at the time of establishment of the plan as a Roth IRA. Such designation shall be made in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe.

The aggregate amount of contributions for any taxable year to all Roth IRAs maintained for the benefit of an individual shall not exceed the excess (if any) of—

(1) No deduction allowed No deduction shall be allowed under section 219 for a contribution to a Roth IRA.

The aggregate amount of contributions for any taxable year to all Roth IRAs maintained for the benefit of an individual shall not exceed the excess (if any) of—

(A) the maximum amount allowable as a deduction under section 219 with respect to such individual for such taxable year (computed without regard to subsection (d)(1) or (g) of such section), over

(B) the aggregate amount of contributions for such taxable year to all other individual retirement plans (other than Roth IRAs) maintained for the benefit of the individual.

The amount determined under paragraph (2) for any taxable year shall not exceed an amount equal to the amount determined under paragraph (2)(A) for such taxable year, reduced (but not below zero) by the amount which bears the same ratio to such amount as—

(A) Dollar limitThe amount determined under paragraph (2) for any taxable year shall not exceed an amount equal to the amount determined under paragraph (2)(A) for such taxable year, reduced (but not below zero) by the amount which bears the same ratio to such amount as— (i) the excess of— (I) the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income for such taxable year, over (II) the applicable dollar amount, bears to (ii) $15,000 ($10,000 in the case of a joint return or a married individual filing a separate return). The rules of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 219(g)(2) shall apply to any reduction under this subparagraph.

(B) DefinitionsFor purposes of this paragraph— (i) adjusted gross income shall be determined in the same manner as under section 219(g)(3), except that any amount included in gross income under subsection (d)(3) shall not be taken into account, and (ii) the applicable dollar amount is— (I) in the case of a taxpayer filing a joint return, $150,000, (II) in the case of any other taxpayer (other than a married individual filing a separate return), $95,000, and (III) in the case of a married individual filing a separate return, zero.

(C) Marital status Section 219(g)(4) shall apply for purposes of this paragraph.

(D) Inflation adjustmentIn the case of any taxable year beginning in a calendar year after 2006, the dollar amounts in subclauses (I) and (II) of subparagraph (B)(ii) shall each be increased by an amount equal to— (i) such dollar amount, multiplied by (ii) the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, determined by substituting “calendar year 2005” for “calendar year 2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof. Any increase determined under the preceding sentence shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $1,000.

(4) Contributions permitted after age 70½ Contributions to a Roth IRA may be made even after the individual for whom the account is maintained has attained age 70½.

Notwithstanding subsections (a)(6) and (b)(3) of section 408 (relating to required distributions), the following provisions shall not apply to any Roth IRA:

(A) Section 401(a)(9)(A).

(B) The incidental death benefit requirements of section 401(a).

No rollover contribution may be made to a Roth IRA unless it is a qualified rollover contribution.

(A) In general No rollover contribution may be made to a Roth IRA unless it is a qualified rollover contribution.

(B) Coordination with limit A qualified rollover contribution shall not be taken into account for purposes of paragraph (2).

(7) Time when contributions made For purposes of this section, the rule of section 219(f)(3) shall apply.

For purposes of this title—

(1) Exclusion Any qualified distribution from a Roth IRA shall not be includible in gross income.

For purposes of this subsection—

(A) In generalThe term “qualified distribution” means any payment or distribution— (i) made on or after the date on which the individual attains age 59½, (ii) made to a beneficiary (or to the estate of the individual) on or after the death of the individual, (iii) attributable to the individual’s being disabled (within the meaning of section 72(m)(7)), or (iv) which is a qualified special purpose distribution.

(B) Distributions within nonexclusion period A payment or distribution from a Roth IRA shall not be treated as a qualified distribution under subparagraph (A) if such payment or distribution is made within the 5-taxable year period beginning with the first taxable year for which the individual made a contribution to a Roth IRA (or such individual’s spouse made a contribution to a Roth IRA) established for such individual.

(C) Distributions of excess contributions and earnings The term “qualified distribution” shall not include any distribution of any contribution described in section 408(d)(4) and any net income allocable to the contribution.

Notwithstanding sections 402(c), 403(b)(8), 408(d)(3), and 457(e)(16), in the case of any distribution to which this paragraph applies—

(A) In generalNotwithstanding sections 402(c), 403(b)(8), 408(d)(3), and 457(e)(16), in the case of any distribution to which this paragraph applies— (i) there shall be included in gross income any amount which would be includible were it not part of a qualified rollover contribution, (ii) section 72(t) shall not apply, and (iii) unless the taxpayer elects not to have this clause apply, any amount required to be included in gross income for any taxable year beginning in 2010 by reason of this paragraph shall be so included ratably over the 2-taxable-year period beginning with the first taxable year beginning in 2011. Any election under clause (iii) for any distributions during a taxable year may not be changed after the due date for such taxable year.

(B) Distributions to which paragraph applies This paragraph shall apply to a distribution from an eligible retirement plan (as defined by section 402(c)(8)(B)) maintained for the benefit of an individual which is contributed to a Roth IRA maintained for the benefit of such individual in a qualified rollover contribution. This paragraph shall not apply to a distribution which is a qualified rollover contribution from a Roth IRA or a qualified rollover contribution from a designated Roth account which is a rollover contribution described in section 402A(c)(3)(A).

(C) Conversions The conversion of an individual retirement plan (other than a Roth IRA) to a Roth IRA shall be treated for purposes of this paragraph as a distribution to which this paragraph applies.

(D) Additional reporting requirements Trustees of Roth IRAs, trustees of individual retirement plans, persons subject to section 6047(d)(1), or all of the foregoing persons, whichever is appropriate, shall include such additional information in reports required under section 408(i) or 6047 as the Secretary may require to ensure that amounts required to be included in gross income under subparagraph (A) are so included.

(E) Special rules for contributions to which 2-year averaging appliesIn the case of a qualified rollover contribution to a Roth IRA of a distribution to which subparagraph (A)(iii) applied, the following rules shall apply: (i) Acceleration of inclusion (I) In general The amount otherwise required to be included in gross income for any taxable year beginning in 2010 or the first taxable year in the 2-year period under subparagraph (A)(iii) shall be increased by the aggregate distributions from Roth IRAs for such taxable year which are allocable under paragraph (4) to the portion of such qualified rollover contribution required to be included in gross income under subparagraph (A)(i). (II) Limitation on aggregate amount included The amount required to be included in gross income for any taxable year under subparagraph (A)(iii) shall not exceed the aggregate amount required to be included in gross income under subparagraph (A)(iii) for all taxable years in the 2-year period (without regard to subclause (I)) reduced by amounts included for all preceding taxable years. (ii) Death of distributee (I) In general If the individual required to include amounts in gross income under such subparagraph dies before all of such amounts are included, all remaining amounts shall be included in gross income for the taxable year which includes the date of death. (II) Special rule for surviving spouse If the spouse of the individual described in subclause (I) acquires the individual’s entire interest in any Roth IRA to which such qualified rollover contribution is properly allocable, the spouse may elect to treat the remaining amounts described in subclause (I) as includible in the spouse’s gross income in the taxable years of the spouse ending with or within the taxable years of such individual in which such amounts would otherwise have been includible. Any such election may not be made or changed after the due date for the spouse’s taxable year which includes the date of death.

(F) Special rule for applying section 72 (i) In generalIf— (I) any portion of a distribution from a Roth IRA is properly allocable to a qualified rollover contribution described in this paragraph; and (II) such distribution is made within the 5-taxable year period beginning with the taxable year in which such contribution was made,  then section 72(t) shall be applied as if such portion were includible in gross income. (ii) Limitation Clause (i) shall apply only to the extent of the amount of the qualified rollover contribution includible in gross income under subparagraph (A)(i).

For purposes of applying this section and section 72 to any distribution from a Roth IRA, such distribution shall be treated as made—

(A) Aggregation rules Section 408(d)(2) shall be applied separately with respect to Roth IRAs and other individual retirement plans.

(B) Ordering rulesFor purposes of applying this section and section 72 to any distribution from a Roth IRA, such distribution shall be treated as made— (i) from contributions to the extent that the amount of such distribution, when added to all previous distributions from the Roth IRA, does not exceed the aggregate contributions to the Roth IRA; and (ii) from such contributions in the following order: (I) Contributions other than qualified rollover contributions to which paragraph (3) applies. (II) Qualified rollover contributions to which paragraph (3) applies on a first-in, first-out basis. Any distribution allocated to a qualified rollover contribution under clause (ii)(II) shall be allocated first to the portion of such contribution required to be included in gross income.

(5) Qualified special purpose distribution For purposes of this section, the term “qualified special purpose distribution” means any distribution to which subparagraph (F) of section 72(t)(2) applies.

Except as provided by the Secretary, if, on or before the due date for any taxable year, a taxpayer transfers in a trustee-to-trustee transfer any contribution to an individual retirement plan made during such taxable year from such plan to any other individual retirement plan, then, for purposes of this chapter, such contribution shall be treated as having been made to the transferee plan (and not the transferor plan).

(A) In general Except as provided by the Secretary, if, on or before the due date for any taxable year, a taxpayer transfers in a trustee-to-trustee transfer any contribution to an individual retirement plan made during such taxable year from such plan to any other individual retirement plan, then, for purposes of this chapter, such contribution shall be treated as having been made to the transferee plan (and not the transferor plan).

(B) Special rules (i) Transfer of earnings Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to the transfer of any contribution unless such transfer is accompanied by any net income allocable to such contribution. (ii) No deduction Subparagraph (A) shall apply to the transfer of any contribution only to the extent no deduction was allowed with respect to the contribution to the transferor plan. (iii) Conversions Subparagraph (A) shall not apply in the case of a qualified rollover contribution to which subsection (d)(3) applies (including by reason of subparagraph (C) thereof).

(7) Due date For purposes of this subsection, the due date for any taxable year is the date prescribed by law (including extensions of time) for filing the taxpayer’s return for such taxable year.

For purposes of this section—

The term “qualified rollover contribution” means a rollover contribution—

(A) to a Roth IRA from another such account,

(B) from an eligible retirement plan, but only if— (i) in the case of an individual retirement plan, such rollover contribution meets the requirements of section 408(d)(3), and (ii) in the case of any eligible retirement plan (as defined in section 402(c)(8)(B) other than clauses (i) and (ii) thereof), such rollover contribution meets the requirements of section 402(c), 403(b)(8), or 457(e)(16), as applicable. For purposes of section 408(d)(3)(B), there shall be disregarded any qualified rollover contribution from an individual retirement plan (other than a Roth IRA) to a Roth IRA.

The term “qualified rollover contribution” includes a contribution to a Roth IRA maintained for the benefit of an individual made before the end of the 1-year period beginning on the date on which such individual receives an amount under section 1477 of title 10, United States Code, or section 1967 of title 38 of such Code, with respect to a person, to the extent that such contribution does not exceed—

(A) In generalThe term “qualified rollover contribution” includes a contribution to a Roth IRA maintained for the benefit of an individual made before the end of the 1-year period beginning on the date on which such individual receives an amount under section 1477 of title 10, United States Code, or section 1967 of title 38 of such Code, with respect to a person, to the extent that such contribution does not exceed— (i) the sum of the amounts received during such period by such individual under such sections with respect to such person, reduced by (ii) the amounts so received which were contributed to a Coverdell education savings account under section 530(d)(9).

(B) Annual limit on number of rollovers not to apply Section 408(d)(3)(B) shall not apply with respect to amounts treated as a rollover by subparagraph (A).

(C) Application of section 72 For purposes of applying section 72 in the case of a distribution which is not a qualified distribution, the amount treated as a rollover by reason of subparagraph (A) shall be treated as investment in the contract.

For purposes of this section—

(1) a simplified employee pension or a simple retirement account may not be designated as a Roth IRA; and

(2) contributions to any such pension or account shall not be taken into account for purposes of subsection (c)(2)(B).

(Added Pub. L. 105–34, title III, § 302(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 825; amended Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, § 6005(b)(1)–(7), (9), title VII, § 7004(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 796–800, 833; Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4002(j), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–908; Pub. L. 107–16, title VI, § 617(e)(1), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 106; Pub. L. 109–222, title V, § 512(a), (b), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 365; Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, §§ 824(a), (b), 833(c), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 998, 1004; Pub. L. 110–245, title I, § 109(a), (b), June 17, 2008, 122 Stat. 1631, 1632; Pub. L. 110–458, title I, § 108(d), (h), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5109; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§ 11002(d)(1)(W), 13611(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2060, 2165; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(77), (78), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1187.)