The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that makes an appropriate, free public education available to eligible children with disabilities and ensures special education and related services to those children. The IDEA is located in the U.S. Code at 20 U.S.C. §1400.

The IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to more than 7.5 million (as of school year 2018-19) eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities.

Infants and toddlers, birth through age 2, with disabilities and their families receive early intervention services under IDEA Part C. Children and youth ages 3 through 21 receive special education and related services under IDEA Part B.

Additionally, the IDEA authorizes:

• Formula grants to states to support special education and related services and early intervention services.

• Discretionary grants to state educational agencies, institutions of higher education, and other nonprofit organizations to support research, demonstrations, technical assistance and dissemination, technology development, personnel preparation and development, and parent-training and -information centers.

Congress reauthorized the IDEA in 2004 and most recently amended the IDEA through Public Law 114-95, the Every Student Succeeds Act, in December 2015.

In the law, Congress states:

Disability is a natural part of the human experience and in no way diminishes the right of individuals to participate in or contribute to society. Improving educational results for children with disabilities is an essential element of our national policy of ensuring equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for individuals with disabilities.

In Texas, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that ensures children with disabilities have access to a free appropriate public education tailored to their individual needs. IDEA Part C covers infants and toddlers up to age 2, providing early intervention services, while Part B applies to children and youth aged 3 through 21, offering special education and related services. Texas, in compliance with IDEA, provides formula grants to support these services and may also receive discretionary grants to fund research, training, and resources for parents and educators. The state's educational agencies are responsible for implementing the requirements of IDEA, including the development of Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) for eligible students, ensuring that they have the opportunity to achieve their full potential in line with the national policy of equality, participation, and economic self-sufficiency for individuals with disabilities. The IDEA was last amended through the Every Student Succeeds Act in December 2015, reinforcing the commitment to educational results for children with disabilities.