Pro se (pro-say) means to argue on one’s own behalf in a court or other legal proceeding—also referred to as representing yourself in court or self-representation. A person can appear pro se in a civil or criminal case, but only a licensed lawyer can appear in court on behalf of a corporation, limited liability company, partnership, or other legal entity.
In Virginia, 'pro se' representation refers to the practice of an individual representing themselves in a legal proceeding without the assistance of an attorney. This is permissible in both civil and criminal cases. Individuals have the right to act as their own legal advocate, which includes filing legal documents and appearing in court. However, Virginia law, similar to other jurisdictions, requires that corporations, limited liability companies, partnerships, and other legal entities be represented by a licensed attorney in court proceedings. This is because such entities are considered separate legal 'persons' and require an individual with legal expertise to represent their interests. Pro se litigants are expected to understand and follow the same legal procedures as those represented by attorneys, and while some resources and assistance may be available to pro se litigants, they are held to the same standards as legal professionals in court.