Title 12A. Commercial Code

§12A-1-9-101. Short title.
§12A-1-9-102. Definitions and index of definitions.
§12A-1-9-103. Purchase-money security interest; application of payments; burden of establishing.
§12A-1-9-104. Control of deposit account.
§12A-1-9-105. Control of electronic chattel paper.
§12A-1-9-106. Control of investment property.
§12A-1-9-107. Control of letter-of-credit right.
§12A-1-9-108. Sufficiency of description.
§12A-1-9-109. Scope of article.
§12A-1-9-110. Security interests arising under article 2 or 2a.
§12A-1-9-201. General effectiveness of security agreement.
§12A-1-9-202. Title to collateral immaterial.
§12A-1-9-203. Attachment and enforceability of security interest – Proceeds - Supporting obligations - Formal requisites.
§12A-1-9-204. After-acquired property; future advances.
§12A-1-9-205. Use or disposition of collateral permissible.
§12A-1-9-206. Security interest arising in purchase or delivery of financial asset.
§12A-1-9-207. Rights and duties of secured party having possession or control of collateral.
§12A-1-9-208. Additional duties of secured party having control of collateral.
§12A-1-9-209. Duties of secured party if account debtor has been notified of assignment.
§12A-1-9-210. Request for accounting; request regarding list of collateral or statement of account.
§12A-1-9-301. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests.
§12A-1-9-302. Law governing perfection and priority of agricultural liens.
§12A-1-9-303. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in goods covered by a certificate of title.
§12A-1-9-304. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in deposit accounts.
§12A-1-9-305. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in investment property.
§12A-1-9-306. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in letter-of-credit rights.
§12A-1-9-307. Location of debtor.
§12A-1-9-308. When security interest or agricultural lien is perfected; continuity of perfection.
§12A-1-9-309. Security interest perfected upon attachment.
§12A-1-9-310. When filing required to perfect security interest or agricultural lien - Security interests and agricultural liens to which filing provisions do not apply.
§12A-1-9-311. Perfection of security interests in property subject to certain statutes, regulations, and treaties.
§12A-1-9-312. Perfection of security interests in chattel paper, deposit accounts, documents, goods covered by documents, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, and money - Perfection by permissive filing - Temporary perfection without filing or transfer of possession.
§12A-1-9-313. When possession by or delivery to secured party perfects security interest without filing.
§12A-1-9-314. Perfection by control.
§12A-1-9-315. Secured party’s rights on disposition of collateral and in proceeds.
§12A-1-9-316. Effect of change in governing law.
§12A-1-9-317. Interests that take priority over or take free of security interest or agricultural lien.
§12A-1-9-318. Rights and title of seller of account or chattel paper with respect to creditors and purchasers.
§12A-1-9-319. Rights and title of consignee with respect to creditors and purchasers.
§12A-1-9-320.1. Purpose.
§12A-1-9-320.2. Definitions; requisites of an effective financing statement.
§12A-1-9-320.3. Forms - Duty of Secretary of State.
§12A-1-9-320.4. Protection of buyers of farm products, commission merchants and selling agents.
§12A-1-9-320.5. Immunity from liability.
§12A-1-9-320.6. Central filing system relating to farm products.
§12A-1-9-320.7. Written notification affecting farm products; disclosure requirements; penalty.
§12A-1-9-320. Buyer of goods.
§12A-1-9-321. Licensee of general intangible and lessee of goods in ordinary course of business.
§12A-1-9-322. Priorities among conflicting security interests in and agricultural liens on same collateral.
§12A-1-9-323. Future advances.
§12A-1-9-324. Priority of purchase-money security interests.
§12A-1-9-325. Priority of security interests in transferred collateral.
§12A-1-9-326. Priority of security interests created by new debtor.
§12A-1-9-327. Priority of security interests in deposit account.
§12A-1-9-328. Priority of security interests in investment property.
§12A-1-9-329. Priority of security interests in letter-of-credit right.
§12A-1-9-330. Priority of purchaser of chattel paper or instrument.
§12A-1-9-331. Priority of rights of purchasers of instruments, documents, and securities under other articles; priority of interests in financial assets and security entitlements under Article 8
§12A-1-9-332. Transfer of money; transfer of funds from deposit account.
§12A-1-9-333. Priority of certain liens arising by operation of law.
§12A-1-9-334. Priority of security interests in fixtures and crops.
§12A-1-9-335. Accessions.
§12A-1-9-336. Commingled goods.
§12A-1-9-337. Priority of security interests in goods covered by certificate of title.
§12A-1-9-338. Priority of security interest or agricultural lien perfected by filed financing statement providing certain incorrect information.
§12A-1-9-339. Priority subject to subordination.
§12A-1-9-340. Effectiveness of right of recoupment or set-off against deposit account.
§12A-1-9-341. Bank’s rights and duties with respect to deposit account.
§12A-1-9-342. Bank’s right to refuse to enter into or disclose existence of control agreement.
§12A-1-9-401. Alienability of debtor’s rights.
§12A-1-9-402. Secured party not obligated on contract of debtor or in tort.
§12A-1-9-403. Agreement not to assert defenses against assignee.
§12A-1-9-404. Rights acquired by assignee; claims and defenses against assignee.
§12A-1-9-405. Modification of assigned contract.
§12A-1-9-406. Discharge of account debtor; notification of assignment; identification and proof of assignment; restrictions on assignment of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, and promissory notes ineffective.
§12A-1-9-407. Restrictions on creation or enforcement of security interest in leasehold interest or in lessor’s residual interest.
§12A-1-9-408. Restrictions on assignment of promissory notes, health-care-insurance receivables, and certain general intangibles ineffective.
§12A-1-9-501. Filing office.
§12A-1-9-502. Contents of financing statement; record of mortgage as financing statement; time of filing financing statement.
§12A-1-9-503. Name of debtor and secured party.
§12A-1-9-504. Indication of collateral.
§12A-1-9-505. Filing and compliance with other statutes and treaties for consignments, leases, other bailments, and other transactions.
§12A-1-9-506. Effect of errors or omissions.
§12A-1-9-507. Effect of certain events on effectiveness of financing statement.
§12A-1-9-508. Effectiveness of financing statement if new debtor becomes bound by security agreement.
§12A-1-9-509. Persons entitled to file a record.
§12A-1-9-510. Effectiveness of filed record.
§12A-1-9-511. Secured party of record.
§12A-1-9-512. Amendment of financing statement.
§12A-1-9-513. Termination statement.
§12A-1-9-514. Assignment of powers of secured party of record.
§12A-1-9-515. Duration and effectiveness of financing statement; effect of lapsed financing statement.
§12A-1-9-516. What constitutes filing; effectiveness of filing.
§12A-1-9-517. Effect of indexing errors.
§12A-1-9-518. Claim concerning inaccurate or wrongfully filed record.
§12A-1-9-519. Numbering, maintaining, and indexing records; communicating information provided in records.
§12A-1-9-520. Acceptance and refusal to accept record.
§12A-1-9-521. Uniform form of written financing statement and amendment.
§12A-1-9-522. Maintenance and destruction of records.
§12A-1-9-523. Information from filing office; sale or license of records.
§12A-1-9-524. Delay by filing office.
§12A-1-9-525.1. Disposition of fees.
§12A-1-9-525. Fees.
§12A-1-9-526.1. Procedures for adopting rules.
§12A-1-9-526. Filing-office rules.
§12A-1-9-527. Duty to report.
§12A-1-9-601. Rights after default - Judicial enforcement - Consignor or buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes.
§12A-1-9-602. Waiver and variance of rights and duties.
§12A-1-9-603. Agreement on standards concerning rights and duties.
§12A-1-9-604. Procedure if security agreement covers real property or fixtures.
§12A-1-9-605. Unknown debtor or secondary obligor.
§12A-1-9-606. Time of default for agricultural lien.
§12A-1-9-607. Collection and enforcement by secured party.
§12A-1-9-608. Application of proceeds of collection or enforcement; liability for deficiency and right to surplus.
§12A-1-9-609. Secured party’s right to take possession after default.
§12A-1-9-610. Disposition of collateral after default.
§12A-1-9-611. Notification before disposition of collateral.
§12A-1-9-612. Timeliness of notification before disposition of collateral.
§12A-1-9-613. Contents and form of notification before disposition of collateral: general.
§12A-1-9-614. Contents and form of notification before disposition of collateral: consumer-goods transaction.
§12A-1-9-615. Application of proceeds of disposition; liability for deficiency and right to surplus.
§12A-1-9-616. Explanation of calculation of surplus or deficiency.
§12A-1-9-617. Rights of transferee of collateral.
§12A-1-9-618. Rights and duties of certain secondary obligors.
§12A-1-9-619. Transfer of record or legal title.
§12A-1-9-620. Acceptance of collateral in full or partial satisfaction of obligation; compulsory disposition of collateral.
§12A-1-9-621. Notification of proposal to accept collateral.
§12A-1-9-622. Effect of acceptance of collateral.
§12A-1-9-623. Right to redeem collateral.
§12A-1-9-624. Waiver.
§12A-1-9-625. Remedies for secured party’s failure to comply with article.
§12A-1-9-626. Action in which deficiency or surplus is in issue.
§12A-1-9-627. Determination of whether conduct was commercially reasonable.
§12A-1-9-628. Nonliability and limitation on liability of secured party; liability of secondary obligor.
§12A-1-9-702. Savings clause.
§12A-1-9-703. Security interest perfected before effective date.
§12A-1-9-704. Security interest unperfected before effective date.
§12A-1-9-705. Effectiveness of action taken before effective date of act.
§12A-1-9-706. When initial financing statement suffices to continue effectivness of financing statement.
§12A-1-9-707. Persons entitled to file initial financing statement.
§12A-1-9-708. Persons entitled to file initial financing statement or continuation statement.
§12A-1-9-709. Priority.
§12A-1-9-710. Duties of local-filing offices.
§12A-1-9-801. [Blank].
§12A-1-9-802. Savings clause.
§12A-1-9-803. Security interest perfected before effective date.
§12A-1-9-804. Security interest unperfected before effective date.
§12A-1-9-805. Effectiveness of action taken before effective date.
§12A-1-9-806. When initial financing statement suffices to continue effectiveness of financing statement.
§12A-1-9-807. Amendment of pre-effective-date financing statement.
§12A-1-9-808. Persons entitled to file initial financing statement or continuation statement.
§12A-1-9-809. Priority.
§12A-1-101. Short titles.
§12A-1-102. Scope of article.
§12A-1-103. Construction of Uniform Commercial Code to promote its purposes and policies - Applicability of supplemental principles of law.
§12A-1-104. Construction against implicit repeal.
§12A-1-106. Use of singular and plural - Gender.
§12A-1-107. Section captions.
§12A-1-108.1. Relationship to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.
§12A-1-201. General definitions and principles of interpretation.
§12A-1-202. Notice - Knowledge.
§12A-1-203. Lease distinguished from security interest.
§12A-1-204. "Value".
§12A-1-205. Reasonable time - Seasonableness.
§12A-1-206. Presumptions.
§12A-1-301. Territorial applicability - Parties’ power to choose applicable law.
§12A-1-302. Variation by agreement.
§12A-1-303. Course of Performance, Course of Dealing, and Usage of Trade.
§12A-1-304. Obligation of good faith - Breach.
§12A-1-305. Remedies to be liberally administered.
§12A-1-306. Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach.
§12A-1-307. Prima facie evidence by third-party documents.
§12A-1-308. Performance or acceptance under reservation of rights.
§12A-1-309. Option to accelerate at will.
§12A-1-310. Subordination of obligations.
§12A-2-101. Short Title.
§12A-2-102. Scope; Certain Security and Other Transactions Excluded from this Article.
§12A-2-103. Definitions and Index of Definitions.
§12A-2-104. Definitions: "Merchant"; "Between merchants"; "Financing agency".
§12A-2-105. Definitions: Transferability; "Goods"; "Future" goods; "Lot"; "Commercial unit".
§12A-2-106. Definitions: "Contract"; "Agreement"; "Contract for sale"; "Sale"; "Present sale"; "Conforming" to contract; "Termination"; "Cancellation".
§12A-2-107. Goods to be Severed from Realty: Recording.
§12A-2-201. Formal Requirements; Statute of Frauds.
§12A-2-202. Final written expression: parol or extrinsic evidence.
§12A-2-203. Seals Inoperative.
§12A-2-204. Formation in General.
§12A-2-205. Firm Offers.
§12A-2-206. Offer and Acceptance in Formation of Contract.
§12A-2-207. Additional Terms in Acceptance or Confirmation.
§12A-2-209. Modification, Rescission and Waiver.
§12A-2-210. Delegation of Performance; Assignment of Rights.
§12A-2-301. General Obligations of Parties.
§12A-2-302. Unconscionable Contract or Clause.
§12A-2-303. Allocation or Division of Risks.
§12A-2-304. Price Payable in Money, Goods, Realty, or Otherwise.
§12A-2-305. Open Price Term.
§12A-2-306. Output, Requirements and Exclusive Dealings.
§12A-2-307. Delivery in Single Lot or Several Lots.
§12A-2-308. Absence of Specified Place for Delivery.
§12A-2-309. Absence of Specific Time Provisions; Notice of Termination.
§12A-2-310. Open time for payment or running of credit - Authority to ship under reservation.
§12A-2-311. Options and Cooperation Respecting Performance.
§12A-2-312. Warranty of Title and Against Infringement; Buyer's Obligation Against Infringement.
§12A-2-313. Express Warranties by Affirmation, Promise, Description, Sample.
§12A-2-314. Implied Warranty: Merchantability; Usage of Trade.
§12A-2-315. Implied Warranty: Fitness for Particular Purpose.
§12A-2-316. Exclusion or Modification of Warranties.
§12A-2-317. Cumulation and Conflict of Warranties Express or Implied.
§12A-2-318. Third Party Beneficiaries of Warranties Express or Implied.
§12A-2-319. F.O.B. and F.A.S. Terms.
§12A-2-320. C.I.F. and C. and F. Terms.
§12A-2-321. C.I.F. or C. and F.: "Net Landed Weights"; "Payment on Arrival"; Warranty of Condition on Arrival.
§12A-2-322. Delivery "Ex-Ship".
§12A-2-323. Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment - "Overseas".
§12A-2-324. "No Arrival, No Sale" Term.
§12A-2-325. "Letter of Credit" Term; "Confirmed Credit".
§12A-2-326. Sale on Approval and Sale or Return; Consignment Sales and Rights of Creditors.
§12A-2-327. Special Incidents of Sale on Approval and Sale or Return.
§12A-2-328. Sale by Auction.
§12A-2-401. Passing of title - Reservation for security - Limited application of this section.
§12A-2-402. Rights of Seller's Creditors Against Sold Goods.
§12A-2-403. Power to Transfer; Good Faith Purchase of Goods; "Entrusting".
§12A-2-501. Insurable Interest in Goods; Manner of Identification of Goods.
§12A-2-502. Buyer's Right to Goods on Seller's Insolvency.
§12A-2-503. Manner of seller's tender of delivery.
§12A-2-504. Shipment by Seller.
§12A-2-505. Seller's shipment under reservation.
§12A-2-506. Rights of financing agency.
§12A-2-507. Effect of Seller's Tender; Delivery on Condition.
§12A-2-508. Cure by Seller of Improper Tender or Delivery; Replacement.
§12A-2-509. Risk of loss in the absence of breach.
§12A-2-510. Effect of Breach on Risk of Loss.
§12A-2-511. Tender of Payment by Buyer; Payment by Check.
§12A-2-512. Payment by Buyer Before Inspection.
§12A-2-513. Buyer's Right to Inspection of Goods.
§12A-2-514. When Documents Deliverable on Acceptance; When on Payment.
§12A-2-515. Preserving Evidence of Goods in Dispute.
§12A-2-601. Buyer's Rights on Improper Delivery.
§12A-2-602. Manner and Effect of Rightful Rejection.
§12A-2-603. Merchant Buyer's Duties as to Rightfully Rejected Goods.
§12A-2-604. Buyer's Options as to Salvage of Rightfully Rejected Goods.
§12A-2-605. Waiver of buyer's objections by failure to particularize.
§12A-2-606. What Constitutes Acceptance of Goods.
§12A-2-607. Effect of Acceptance; Notice of Breach; Burden of Establishing Breach After Acceptance; Notice of Claim or Litigation to Person Answerable Over.
§12A-2-608. Revocation of Acceptance in Whole or in Part.
§12A-2-609. Right to Adequate Assurance of Performance.
§12A-2-610. Anticipatory Repudiation.
§12A-2-611. Retraction of Anticipatory Repudiation.
§12A-2-612. "Installment Contract"; Breach.
§12A-2-613. Casualty to Identified Goods.
§12A-2-614. Substituted Performance.
§12A-2-615. Excuse by Failure of Presupposed Conditions.
§12A-2-616. Procedure on Notice Claiming Excuse.
§12A-2-701. Remedies for Breach of Collateral Contracts Not Impaired.
§12A-2-702. Seller's Remedies on Discovery of Buyer's Insolvency.
§12A-2-703. Seller's Remedies in General.
§12A-2-704. Seller's Right to Identify Goods to the Contract Notwithstanding Breach or to Salvage Unfinished Goods.
§12A-2-705. Seller's stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.
§12A-2-706. Seller's Resale Including Contract for Resale.
§12A-2-707. "Person in the Position of a Seller".
§12A-2-708. Seller's Damages for Nonacceptance or Repudiation.
§12A-2-709. Action for the Price.
§12A-2-710. Seller's Incidental Damages.
§12A-2-711. Buyer's Remedies in General; Buyer's Security Interest in Rejected Goods.
§12A-2-712. "Cover"; Buyer's Procurement of Substitute Goods.
§12A-2-713. Buyer's Damages for Nondelivery or Repudiation.
§12A-2-714. Buyer's Damages for Breach in Regard to Accepted Goods.
§12A-2-715. Buyer's Incidental and Consequential Damages.
§12A-2-716. Buyer's Right to Specific Performance or Replevin.
§12A-2-717. Deduction of Damages From the Price.
§12A-2-718. Liquidation or Limitation of Damages; Deposits.
§12A-2-719. Contractual Modification or Limitation of Remedy.
§12A-2-720. Effect of "Cancellation" or "Rescission" on Claims for Antecedent Breach.
§12A-2-721. Remedies for Fraud.
§12A-2-722. Who Can Sue Third Parties for Injury to Goods.
§12A-2-723. Proof of Market Price: Time and Place.
§12A-2-724. Admissibility of Market Quotations.
§12A-2-725. Statute of Limitations in Contracts for Sale.
§12A-2A-101. Short title.
§12A-2A-102. Scope.
§12A-2A-103. Definitions and index of definitions.
§12A-2A-104. Leases Subject to Other Law.
§12A-2A-105. Territorial application of article to goods covered by certificate of title.
§12A-2A-106. Limitation on power of parties to consumer lease to choose applicable law and judicial forum.
§12A-2A-107. Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after default.
§12A-2A-108. Unconscionability.
§12A-2A-109. Option to accelerate at will.
§12A-2A-201. Statute of frauds.
§12A-2A-202. Final written expression; parol or extrinsic evidence.
§12A-2A-203. Seals inoperative.
§12A-2A-204. Formation in general.
§12A-2A-205. Firm offers.
§12A-2A-206. Offer and acceptance in formation of lease contract.
§12A-2A-208. Modification, rescission and waiver.
§12A-2A-209. Lessee Under Finance Lease as Beneficiary of Supply Contract.
§12A-2A-210. Express warranties.
§12A-2A-211. Warranties against interference and against infringement; lessee's obligation against infringement.
§12A-2A-212. Implied warranty of merchantability.
§12A-2A-213. Implied warranty of fitness for particular purpose.
§12A-2A-214. Exclusion or modification of warranties.
§12A-2A-215. Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied.
§12A-2A-216. Third party beneficiaries of express and implied warranties.
§12A-2A-217. Identification.
§12A-2A-218. Insurance and proceeds.
§12A-2A-219. Risk of loss.
§12A-2A-220. Effect of default on risk of loss.
§12A-2A-221. Casualty to identified goods.
§12A-2A-301. Enforceability of lease contract.
§12A-2A-302. Title to and possession of goods.
§12A-2A-303. Alienability of party's interest under lease contract or of lessor's residual interest in goods; delegation of performance; transfer of rights.
§12A-2A-304. Subsequent Lease of Goods by Lessor.
§12A-2A-305. Sale or sublease of goods by lessee.
§12A-2A-306. Priority of certain liens arising by operation of law.
§12A-2A-307. Priority of Liens Arising by Attachment or Levy on, Security Interests in, and Other Claims to Goods.
§12A-2A-308. Special rights of creditors.
§12A-2A-309. Lessor's and Lessee's Rights When Goods Become Fixtures.
§12A-2A-310. Lessor's and lessee's rights when goods become accessions.
§12A-2A-311. Priority Subject to Subordination.
§12A-2A-401. Insecurity; adequate assurance of performance.
§12A-2A-402. Anticipatory repudiation.
§12A-2A-403. Retraction of anticipatory repudiation.
§12A-2A-404. Substituted performance.
§12A-2A-405. Excused performance.
§12A-2A-406. Procedure on excused performance.
§12A-2A-407. Irrevocable Promises; Finance Leases.
§12A-2A-501. Default - Procedure.
§12A-2A-502. Notice after default.
§12A-2A-503. Modification or Impairment of Rights and Remedies.
§12A-2A-504. Liquidation of damages.
§12A-2A-505. Cancellation and termination and effect of cancellation, termination, rescission, or fraud on rights and remedies.
§12A-2A-506. Statute of limitations.
§12A-2A-507. Proof of Market Rent; Time and Place.
§12A-2A-508. Lessee's Remedies.
§12A-2A-509. Lessee's rights on improper delivery; rightful rejection.
§12A-2A-510. Installment lease contracts; rejection and default.
§12A-2A-511. Merchant lessee's duties as to rightfully rejected goods.
§12A-2A-512. Lessee's duties as to rightfully rejected goods.
§12A-2A-513. Cure by lessor of improper tender or delivery; replacement.
§12A-2A-514. Waiver of lessee's objections.
§12A-2A-515. Acceptance of goods.
§12A-2A-516. Effect of Acceptance of Goods; Notice of Default; Burden of Establishing Default After Acceptance; Notice of Claim or Litigation to Person Answerable Over.
§12A-2A-517. Revocation of Acceptance of Goods.
§12A-2A-518. Cover - Substitute goods.
§12A-2A-519. Lessee's damages for nondelivery, repudiation, default and breach of warranty in regard to accepted goods.
§12A-2A-520. Lessee's incidental and consequential damages.
§12A-2A-521. Lessee's right to specific performance or replevin.
§12A-2A-522. Lessee's right to goods on lessor's insolvency.
§12A-2A-523. Lessor's remedies.
§12A-2A-524. Lessor's right to identify goods to lease contract.
§12A-2A-525. Lessor's right to possession of goods.
§12A-2A-526. Lessor's stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.
§12A-2A-527. Lessor's rights to dispose of goods.
§12A-2A-528. Lessor's damages for nonacceptance, failure to pay, repudiation, or other default.
§12A-2A-529. Lessor's action for the rent.
§12A-2A-530. Lessor's incidental damages.
§12A-2A-531. Standing to sue third parties for injury to goods.
§12A-2A-532. Lessor's rights to residual interest.
§12A-3-101. Short Title.
§12A-3-102. Subject Matter.
§12A-3-103. Definitions.
§12A-3-104. Negotiable Instrument.
§12A-3-105. Issue of Instrument.
§12A-3-106. Unconditional Promise or Order.
§12A-3-107. Instrument Payable in Foreign Money.
§12A-3-108. Payable on Demand or at Definite Time.
§12A-3-109. Payable to Bearer or to Order.
§12A-3-110. Identification of Person to Whom Instrument is Payable.
§12A-3-111. Place of payment.
§12A-3-112. Interest.
§12A-3-113. Date of Instrument.
§12A-3-114. Contradictory terms of instrument.
§12A-3-115. Incomplete Instrument.
§12A-3-116. Joint and Several Liability; Contribution.
§12A-3-117. Other Agreements Affecting Instrument.
§12A-3-118. Statute of Limitations.
§12A-3-119. Notice of Right to Defend Action.
§12A-3-201. Negotiation.
§12A-3-202. Negotiation Subject to Rescission.
§12A-3-203. Transfer of Instrument; Rights Acquired by Transfer.
§12A-3-204. Indorsement.
§12A-3-205. Special Indorsement; Blank Indorsement; Anomalous Indorsement.
§12A-3-206. Restrictive Indorsement.
§12A-3-207. Reacquisition.
§12A-3-301. Person Entitled to Enforce Instrument.
§12A-3-302. Holder in Due Course.
§12A-3-303. Value and Consideration.
§12A-3-304. Overdue Instrument.
§12A-3-305. Defenses and Claims in Recoupment.
§12A-3-306. Claims to an Instrument.
§12A-3-307. Notice of Breach of Fiduciary.
§12A-3-308. Proof of Signatures and Status as Holder in Due Course.
§12A-3-309. Enforcement of Lost, Destroyed, or Stolen Instrument.
§12A-3-310. Effect of Instrument on Obligation for Which Taken.
§12A-3-311. Accord and Satisfaction by Use of Instrument.
§12A-3-312. Lost, Destroyed, or Stolen Cashier's Check, Teller's Check, or Certified Check.
§12A-3-401. Signature.
§12A-3-402. Signature by Representative.
§12A-3-403. Unauthorized Signature.
§12A-3-404. Impostors; Fictitious Payees.
§12A-3-405. Employer's Responsibility for Fraudulent Indorsement by Employee.
§12A-3-406. Negligence Contributing to Forged Signature or Alteration of Instrument.
§12A-3-407. Alteration.
§12A-3-408. Drawee Not Liable on Unaccepted Draft.
§12A-3-409. Acceptance of Draft; Certified Check.
§12A-3-410. Acceptance Varying Draft.
§12A-3-411. Refusal to Pay Cashier's Checks, Teller's Checks, and Certified Checks.
§12A-3-412. Obligation of Issuer of Note or Cashier's Check.
§12A-3-413. Obligation of Acceptor.
§12A-3-414. Obligation of Drawer.
§12A-3-415. Obligation of Indorser.
§12A-3-416. Transfer Warranties.
§12A-3-417. Presentment Warranties.
§12A-3-418. Payment or Acceptance by Mistake.
§12A-3-419. Instruments Signed for Accommodation.
§12A-3-420. Conversion of Instrument.
§12A-3-501. Presentment.
§12A-3-502. Dishonor.
§12A-3-503. Notice of Dishonor.
§12A-3-504. Excused Presentment and Notice of Dishonor.
§12A-3-505. Evidence of Dishonor.
§12A-3-601. Discharge and Effect of Discharge.
§12A-3-602. Payment.
§12A-3-603. Tender of Payment.
§12A-3-604. Discharge by Cancellation or Renunciation.
§12A-3-605. Discharge of Secondary Obligors.
§12A-4-101. Short Title.
§12A-4-102. Applicability.
§12A-4-103. Variation by Agreement; Measure of Damages; Certain Action Constituting Ordinary Care.
§12A-4-104. Definitions and Index of Definitions.
§12A-4-105. Definitions of types of banks.
§12A-4-106. Payable through or Payable at Bank; Collecting Bank.
§12A-4-107. Separate Office of Bank.
§12A-4-108. Time of Receipt of Items.
§12A-4-109. Delays.
§12A-4-110. Electronic Presentment.
§12A-4-111. Statute of Limitations.
§12A-4-201. Status of Collecting Bank as Agent and Provisional Status of Credits; Applicability of Article; Item Endorsed "Pay Any Bank".
§12A-4-202. Responsibility for Collection or Return; When Action Timely.
§12A-4-203. Effect of Instructions.
§12A-4-204. Methods of Sending and Presenting; Sending Directly to Payor Bank.
§12A-4-205. Depositary Bank Holder of Unindorsed Item.
§12A-4-206. Transfer Between Banks.
§12A-4-207. Transfer Warranties.
§12A-4-208. Presentment Warranties.
§12A-4-209. Encoding and Retention Warranties.
§12A-4-210. Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds.
§12A-4-211. When Bank Gives Value for Purposes of Holder In Due Course.
§12A-4-212. Presentment by Notice of Item Not Payable By, Through, or At Bank; Liability of Drawer or Indorser.
§12A-4-213. Medium and Time of Settlement by Bank.
§12A-4-214. Right of Charge-Back or Refund; Liability of Collecting Bank; Return of Item.
§12A-4-215. Final Payment of Item by Payor Bank; When Provisional Debits and Credits Become Final; When Certain Credits Become Available for Withdrawal.
§12A-4-216. Insolvency and Preference.
§12A-4-301. Deferred Posting; Recovery of Payment by Return of Items; Time of Dishonor; Return of Items by Payor Bank.
§12A-4-302. Payor Bank's Responsibility for Late Return of Item.
§12A-4-303. When Items Subject to Notice, Stop-Payment Order, Legal Process, or Setoff; Order in Which Items May be Charged or Certified.
§12A-4-401. When Bank May Charge Customer's Account - Statute of limitations.
§12A-4-402. Bank's Liability to Customer for Wrongful Dishonor; Time for Determining Insufficiency of Account.
§12A-4-403. Customer's Right to Stop Payment; Burden of Proof of Loss.
§12A-4-404. Bank Not Obligated to Pay Check More Than Six Months Old.
§12A-4-405. Death or Incompetence of Customer.
§12A-4-406. Customer's Duty to Discover and Report Unauthorized Signature or Alteration.
§12A-4-407. Payor Bank's Right to Subrogation on Improper Payment.
§12A-4-501. Handling of Documentary Drafts; Duty to Send for Presentment and to Notify Customer of Dishonor.
§12A-4-502. Presentment of "On Arrival" Drafts.
§12A-4-503. Responsibility of Presenting Bank for Documents and Goods; Report of Reasons for Dishonor; Referee in Case of Need.
§12A-4-504. Privilege of Presenting Bank to Deal With Goods; Security Interest for Expenses.
§12A-4A-101. Short title.
§12A-4A-102. Subject matter.
§12A-4A-103. Payment order - Definitions.
§12A-4A-104. Funds transfer - Definitions.
§12A-4A-105. Other definitions.
§12A-4A-106. Time payment order is received.
§12A-4A-107. Federal reserve regulations and operating circulars.
§12A-4A-108. Relationship to Electronic Fund Transfer Act.
§12A-4A-201. Security procedure.
§12A-4A-202. Authorized and verified payment orders.
§12A-4A-203. Unenforceability of certain verified payment orders.
§12A-4A-204. Refund of payment and duty of customer to report with respect to unauthorized payment order.
§12A-4A-205. Erroneous payment orders.
§12A-4A-206. Transmission of payment order through funds-transfer or other communication system.
§12A-4A-207. Misdescription of beneficiary.
§12A-4A-208. Misdescription of intermediary bank or beneficiary's bank.
§12A-4A-209. Acceptance of payment order.
§12A-4A-210. Rejection of payment order.
§12A-4A-211. Cancellation and amendment of payment order.
§12A-4A-212. Liability and duty of receiving bank regarding unaccepted payment.
§12A-4A-301. Execution and execution date.
§12A-4A-302. Obligations of receiving bank in execution of payment order.
§12A-4A-303. Erroneous execution of payment order.
§12A-4A-304. Duty of sender to report erroneously executed payment order.
§12A-4A-305. Liability for late or improper execution or failure to execute payment order.
§12A-4A-401. Payment date.
§12A-4A-402. Obligation of sender to pay receiving bank.
§12A-4A-403. Payment by sender to receiving bank.
§12A-4A-404. Obligation of beneficiary's bank to pay and give notice to beneficiary.
§12A-4A-405. Payment by beneficiary's bank to beneficiary.
§12A-4A-406. Payment by originator to beneficiary; discharge of underlying obligation.
§12A-4A-501. Variation by agreement and effect of funds-transfer system rule.
§12A-4A-502. Creditor process served on receiving bank; setoff by beneficiary's bank.
§12A-4A-503. Injunction or restraining order with respect to funds transfer.
§12A-4A-504. Order in which items and payment orders may be charged to account; order of withdrawals from account.
§12A-4A-505. Preclusion of Objection to Debit of Customer's Account.
§12A-4A-506. Rate of interest.
§12A-4A-507. Choice of law.
§12A-4A-551. Validity of prior transactions.
§12A-5-101. Short Title.
§12A-5-102. Definitions.
§12A-5-103. Scope.
§12A-5-104. Formal Requirements.
§12A-5-105. Consideration.
§12A-5-106. Issuance, Amendment, Cancellation, and Duration.
§12A-5-107. Confirmer, Nominated Person, and Adviser.
§12A-5-108. Issuer's Rights and Obligations.
§12A-5-109. Fraud and Forgery.
§12A-5-110. Warranties.
§12A-5-111. Remedies.
§12A-5-112. Transfer of Letter of Credit.
§12A-5-113. Transfer by Operation of Law.
§12A-5-114. Assignment of Proceeds.
§12A-5-115. Statute of Limitations.
§12A-5-116. Choice of Law and Forum.
§12A-5-117. Subrogation of Issuer, Applicant, and Nominated Person.
§12A-5-118. Applicability.
§12A-5-118.1. Security interest of issuer or nominated person.
§12A-5-119. Savings Clause.
§12A-7-101. Short Title.
§12A-7-102. Definitions and index of definitions.
§12A-7-103. Relation of article to treaty or statute.
§12A-7-104. Negotiable and nonnegotiable document of title.
§12A-7-105.1. Reissuance in alternative medium.
§12A-7-106. Control of electronic document of title.
§12A-7-201. Persons that may issue a warehouse receipt - Storage under bond.
§12A-7-203. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription.
§12A-7-204. Duty of care - Contractual limitation of warehouse's liability.
§12A-7-205. Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain cases.
§12A-7-206. Termination of storage at warehouse's option.
§12A-7-207. Goods must be kept separate - Fungible goods.
§12A-7-208. Altered warehouse receipts.
§12A-7-209. Lien of Warehouse.
§12A-7-210. Enforcement of warehouse's lien.
§12A-7-301. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription - "Said to contain" - "Shipper's load and count" - Improper handling.
§12A-7-302. Through bills of lading and similar documents of title.
§12A-7-303. Diversion – Reconsignment - Change of instructions.
§12A-7-304. Bills of lading in a set.
§12A-7-305. Destination bills.
§12A-7-306. Altered Bills of Lading.
§12A-7-307. Lien of carrier.
§12A-7-308. Enforcement of carrier's lien.
§12A-7-309. Duty of care - Contractual limitation of carrier's liability.
§12A-7-401. Irregularities in issue of receipt or bill or conduct of issuer.
§12A-7-402. Duplicate receipt or bill - Overissue.
§12A-7-403. Obligation of bailee to deliver - Excuse.
§12A-7-404. No liability for good-faith delivery pursuant to document of title.
§12A-7-501. Form of negotiation and requirements of due negotiation.
§12A-7-502. Rights acquired by due negotiation.
§12A-7-503. Document of title to goods defeated in certain cases.
§12A-7-504. Rights acquired in absence of due negotiation - Effect of diversion - Stoppage of delivery.
§12A-7-505. Endorser not a guarantor for other parties.
§12A-7-506. Delivery without endorsement: Right to compel endorsement.
§12A-7-507. Warranties on negotiation or transfer of receipt or bill.
§12A-7-508. Warranties of collecting bank as to documents of title.
§12A-7-509. Adequate compliance with commercial contract.
§12A-7-601. Lost, stolen, or destroyed documents of title.
§12A-7-602. Judicial process against goods covered by negotiable document of title.
§12A-7-603. Conflicting claims - Interpleader.
§12A-7-703. Applicability.
§12A-7-704. Savings clause.
§12A-8-101. Short Title.
§12A-8-102. Definitions.
§12A-8-103. Rules for determining whether certain obligations and interests are securities or financial assets.
§12A-8-104. Acquisition of Security on Financial Asset or Interest Therein.
§12A-8-105. Notice of Adverse Claim.
§12A-8-106. Control.
§12A-8-107. Whether Indorsement, Instruction, or Entitlement Order is Effective.
§12A-8-108. Warranties in Direct Holding.
§12A-8-109. Warranties in Indirect Holding.
§12A-8-110. Applicability; Choice of Law.
§12A-8-111. Clearing Corporation Rules.
§12A-8-112. Creditor's Legal Process.
§12A-8-113. Statute of Frauds Inapplicable.
§12A-8-114. Evidentiary Rules Concerning Certificated Securities.
§12A-8-115. Securities Intermediary and Others Not Liable to Adverse Claimant.
§12A-8-116. Securities Intermediary as Purchaser for Value.
§12A-8-201. "Issuer".
§12A-8-202. Issuer's Responsibility and Defenses; Notice of Defect or Defense.
§12A-8-203. Staleness as Notice of Defects or Defenses.
§12A-8-204. Effect of Issuer's Restrictions on Transfer.
§12A-8-205. Effect of Unauthorized Signature on Security Certificate.
§12A-8-206. Completion or Alteration of Security Certificate.
§12A-8-207. Rights and Duties of Issuer with Respect to Registered Owners.
§12A-8-208. Effect of Signature of Authenticating Trustee, Registrar, or Transfer Agent.
§12A-8-209. Issuer's Lien.
§12A-8-210. Overissue.
§12A-8-301. Delivery.
§12A-8-302. Rights of Purchaser.
§12A-8-303. Protected Purchaser.
§12A-8-304. Indorsement.
§12A-8-305. Instruction.
§12A-8-306. Effect of Guaranteeing Signature, Indorsement, or Instruction.
§12A-8-307. Purchaser's Right to Requisites for Registration of Transfer.
§12A-8-401. Duty of Issuer to Register Transfer.
§12A-8-402. Assurance that Indorsement or Instruction Is Effective.
§12A-8-403. Demand that Issuer not Register Transfer.
§12A-8-404. Wrongful Registration.
§12A-8-405. Replacement of Lost, Destroyed, or Wrongfully Taken Security Certificate.
§12A-8-405.1. Obligation to Notify Issuer of Lost, Destroyed, or Wrongfully Taken Security Certificate.
§12A-8-406. Authenticating Trustee, Transfer Agent, and Registrar.
§12A-8-501. Securities Account; Acquisition of Security Entitlement from Securities Intermediary.
§12A-8-502. Assertion of Adverse Claim Against Entitlement Holder.
§12A-8-503. Property Interest of Entitlement Holder in Financial Asset Held by Securities Intermediary.
§12A-8-504. Duty of Securities Intermediary to Maintain Financial Asset.
§12A-8-505. Duty of Securities Intermediary with Respect to Payments and Distributions.
§12A-8-506. Duty of Securities Intermediary to Exercise Rights as Directed by Entitlement Holder.
§12A-8-507. Duty of Securities Intermediary to Comply with Entitlement Order.
§12A-8-508. Duty of Securities Intermediary to Change Entitlement Holder's Position to Other Forms of Security Holding.
§12A-8-509. Specification of Duties of Securities Intermediary by Other Statute or Regulation; Manner of Performance of Duties of Securities Intermediary and Exercise of Rights of Entitlement Holder.
§12A-8-510. Rights of Purchaser of Security Entitlement from Entitlement Holder.
§12A-8-511. Priority Among Security Interests and Entitlement Holders.
§12A-8-603. Savings clause.
§12A-11-101. Preservation of Old Transition Provision.
§12A-11-102. Transition to This Act; General Rule.
§12A-11-103. Transition Provision on Change of Requirement of Filing.
§12A-11-104. Transition Provision on Change of Place of Filing.
§12A-11-105. Required Refilings.
§12A-11-106. Transition Provisions as to Priorities.
§12A-11-107. Presumption that Rule of Law Continues Unchanged.
§12A-15-101. Short title.
§12A-15-102. Definitions.
§12A-15-103. Scope.
§12A-15-104. Prospective application.
§12A-15-105. Use of electronic records and electronic signatures; variation by agreement.
§12A-15-106. Construction and application
§12A-15-107. Legal recognition of electronic records, electronic signatures, and electronic contracts.
§12A-15-108. Provision of information in writing; presentation of records.
§12A-15-109. Attribution and effect of electronic record and electronic signature.
§12A-15-110. Effect of change or error.
§12A-15-111. Notarization and acknowledgment.
§12A-15-112. Retention of electronic records; originals.
§12A-15-113. Admissibility in evidence.
§12A-15-114. Automated transaction.
§12A-15-115. Time and place of sending and receipt.
§12A-15-116. Transferable records.
§12A-15-117. Creation and retention of electronic records and conversion of written records by governmental agencies.
§12A-15-118. Acceptance and distribution of electronic records by governmental agencies.
§12A-15-119. Interoperability.
§12A-15-120. Waiver of information transaction laws by governmental agencies.
§12A-15-121. Registration of certification authorities.