(A) Except as otherwise provided in divisions (B) and (C) of this section, an operating agreement governs relations among members and between members, any managers, and the limited liability company. A limited liability company is bound by the operating agreement of its member or members whether or not the limited liability company executes the operating agreement. To the extent the operating agreement does not otherwise provide, this chapter governs relations among the members and between the members, any managers, and the limited liability company.

(B) Except as otherwise provided in division (C) of this section, the operating agreement may not do any of the following:

(1) Vary the rights and duties under section 1705.04 of the Revised Code;

(2) Unreasonably restrict the right of access to books and records under section 1705.22 of the Revised Code;

(3) Eliminate the duty of loyalty under division (B) of section 1705.161 of the Revised Code or division (B) of section 1705.281 of the Revised Code, but the operating agreement may identify activities that do not violate the duty of loyalty, and all of the members or a number or percentage of members specified in the operating agreement may authorize or ratify, after full disclosure of all material facts, a specific act or transaction that otherwise would violate the duty of loyalty;

(4) Eliminate the duty of care under division (B) of section 1705.161 of the Revised Code or division (C) of section 1705.281 of the Revised Code, but the operating agreement may prescribe the standards by which the duty is to be measured;

(5) Eliminate the obligation of good faith and fair dealing under division (D) of section 1705.281 of the Revised Code, but the operating agreement may prescribe the standards by which the performance of the obligation is to be measured;

(6) Eliminate the duties of a manager under division (B) of section 1705.29 of the Revised Code, but the articles or the operating agreement may provide that a manager who is a member of the limited liability company or who is serving as the representative of a member owes to the limited liability company and the other members only the duties that would be owed by the member or may prescribe in writing the standards by which performance is to be measured or identify activities that do not violate the manager's duties;

(7) Eliminate the duties of an officer under section 1705.292 of the Revised Code, but the articles or the operating agreement may provide that an officer who is a member of the limited liability company or who is serving as the representative of a member owes to the limited liability company and the other members only the duties that would be owed by the member or may prescribe in writing the standards by which performance is to be measured or specify activities that do not violate the officer's duties;

(8) Vary the requirement to wind up the limited liability company's business in cases specified in division (A) or (B) of section 1705.47 of the Revised Code;

(9) Restrict the rights of third parties under this chapter.

(C) A written agreement, including a written operating agreement, that modifies, waives, or eliminates the duty of loyalty, the duty of care, or both for one or more members, managers, or officers shall be given effect.

(D) It is the policy of this chapter, subject to the limitations of divisions (B) and (C) of this section, to give maximum effect to the principle of freedom of contract and to the enforceability of operating agreements. Except as provided in divisions (B) and (C) of this section, the default rules relating to the rights and obligations between and among the members, managers, and officers of a limited liability company set forth in sections 1705.01 to 1705.52 and section 1705.61 of the Revised Code may be modified by the operating agreement or by the articles of organization.

Amended by 131st General Assembly File No. TBD, SB 181, §1, eff. 7/6/2016.

Amended by 129th General AssemblyFile No.169, HB 247, §1, eff. 3/22/2013.

Added by 129th General AssemblyFile No.72, HB 48, §1, eff. 5/4/2012.

Note:

Committee Comment (2012)*

This new section states in division (A) the general principle that relations among or between the members, any managers and the limited liability company are to be governed by the operating agreement. Many provisions of Chapter 1705 set out a default rule that applies when there is no different rule stated in the articles or the operating agreement. That concept is reflected in numerous sections of Chapter 1705 that include language that states specifically that the provisions of that section may be altered by the articles or the operating agreement. This new section makes those words unnecessary even though they have not been removed from each of section of Chapter 1705.

Division (A) also clarifies that a limited liability company is bound by its agreement even if it has not executed the agreement

Division (B) identifies the provisions of Chapter 1705 that may not be altered and the limits that apply when the articles or the operating agreement alters certain other statutory provisions. If the section is not identified in division (B), it may be altered by the articles or the operating agreement. Both divisions (A) and (B) draw on similar provisions of Ohio's partnership law in § 1776.03. These provisions are consistent with the result in McConnell v. Hunt Sports Enterprises, 132 Ohio App.3d 657 (1999) in which the court recognized that a contract can limit the scope of fiduciary duties and held that the provision of an operating agreement permitting members' participation in ventures competitive with the company allowed the members to take actions that would otherwise have been a breach of fiduciary duty. Divisions (A) and (B) are also similar to provisions in Section 110 of the Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act (2006) ("RULLCA").

It is also important to recognize that Chapter 1705 defines by statute all the fiduciary duties owed by members and managers. See§§ 1705.281 and 1705.29 and the related Committee Comments (2012). In contrast, RULLCA identifies what the drafters called "major" fiduciary duties, but does not purport to be an exhaustive or exclusive statement of fiduciary duties. Prefatory Note to RULLCA (2006).

*Comments on 129th General Assembly, HB 48, from the Ohio State Bar Association Corporation Law Committee