It shall be within the power of each and every presiding offcer [officer] of the several courts of this state, whether of record or not of record, to preserve order and decorum, and for that purpose to punish contempts by reprimand, arrest, fine or imprisonment, being circumscribed by the usage of the courts of the United States.

History: Laws 1851, p. 142; C.L. 1865, ch. 27, § 2; C.L. 1884, § 664; C.L. 1897, § 1038; Code 1915, § 1358; C.S. 1929, § 34-105; 1941 Comp., § 16-102; 1953 Comp., § 16-1-2.

Cross references. — For judges as conservators of peace, see N.M. Const., art. VI, § 21.

For power of magistrates to punish for contempt, see 35-3-9 NMSA 1978.

For punishment for contempt in quo warranto proceedings, see 44-3-10 NMSA 1978.

For contempt of court, see 5-902 NMRA.

Bracketed material. — The bracketed material in this section was inserted by the compiler to correct an apparent misspelling. It was not enacted by the legislature and is not a part of the law.

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATION.

This section is only declaratory of common law. State v. Clark, 1952-NMSC-023, 56 N.M. 123, 241 P.2d 328; In re Klecan, 1979-NMSC-094, 93 N.M. 637, 603 P.2d 1094.

Court jurisdiction includes contempt. — The courts are always open, and their jurisdiction is comprehensive enough to include proceedings in contempt. In re Sloan, 1891-NMSC-011, 5 N.M. 590, 25 P. 930.

Power to punish for contempt is inherent in the courts and its exercise is the exercise of the highest form of judicial power. The real basis of this power is to be found in the doctrine of separation of powers as provided for in the Organic Act and later in the New Mexico constitution. State ex rel. Bliss v. Greenwood, 1957-NMSC-071, 63 N.M. 156, 315 P.2d 223.

Contempt is not made a crime by this section, which reiterates the court's inherent power to punish contempt. State v. Case, 1985-NMCA-027, 103 N.M. 574, 711 P.2d 19, rev'd on other grounds, 1985-NMSC-103, 103 N.M. 501, 709 P.2d 670.

Legislative control over court's contempt power. — The power of the courts to punish for contempt is not absolute, exclusive and free of all legislative regulation. The separation of powers between the executive, legislature and judiciary was never intended to be complete. State ex rel. Bliss v. Greenwood, 1957-NMSC-071, 63 N.M. 156, 315 P.2d 223.

Legislature may not unduly limit penalty. — While the legislature may provide rules of procedure which are reasonable regulations of the contempt power, it may not, either by enacting procedural rules or by limiting the penalty unduly, substantially impair or destroy the implied power of the court to punish for contempt. State ex rel. Bliss v. Greenwood, 1957-NMSC-071, 63 N.M. 156, 315 P.2d 223.

Legislation limiting contempt powers. — Laws 1865, ch. 28, § 2 (C.L. 1897, § 1039), providing that fines for contempt were limited to $50 in absence of a jury trial, was invalid in that it violated the separation of powers doctrine contained in §§ 3, 5 and 10 of the Organic Act and was not within reasonable and proper regulatory limits; thus, it was not carried into effect upon statehood by N.M. Const., art. II, § 12. State ex rel. Bliss v. Greenwood, 1957-NMSC-071, 63 N.M. 156, 315 P.2d 223.

Attorney's attire. — Where attorney violated the court's order requiring attorneys to wear a tie by wearing a bandana, the district court had the discretion to exercise its power to issue a contempt sanction to preserve its authority and maintain respect for the court. State v. Cherryhomes, 1992-NMCA-111, 114 N.M. 495, 840 P.2d 1261, cert. denied, 114 N.M. 501, 841 P.2d 549.

Intent necessary for conviction. — Regardless of the motive for the refusal to testify, as long as it was done with the awareness it was wrongful, the degree of intent necessary for a conviction of contempt was established. State v. Pothier, 1986-NMSC-039, 104 N.M. 363, 721 P.2d 1294.

Notice of penalty. — It was not a due process violation that a person was not given notice of the possible penalty for contempt before committing that crime by refusing to answer questions as a witness during a trial. State v. Case, 1985-NMCA-027, 103 N.M. 574, 711 P.2d 19, rev'd on other grounds, 1985-NMSC-103, 103 N.M. 501, 502 P.2d 670.

Known but unissued order. — Since the board of county commissioners had knowledge of an order of an associate justice of the supreme court for issuance of writ or prohibition, but proceeded, on advice of counsel, to take the action prohibited because the supreme court clerk had not issued the writ, the commissioners, their counsel and the clerk were guilty of contempt. Territory v. Clancy, 1894-NMSC-012, 7 N.M. 580, 37 P. 1108.

Failure of attorney to file brief for indigent. — Where the respondent, an attorney at law, failed to file a brief on or before a day certain in the appeal of defendant, an indigent whom respondent had been appointed to represent, and respondent appeared pro se at the contempt hearing, respondent was in contempt of the supreme court of the state of New Mexico. In re Rainwater, 1969-NMSC-015, 80 N.M. 33, 450 P.2d 633.

Contempt cannot be predicated upon breach of promise to individual. Horcasitas v. House, 1965-NMSC-074, 75 N.M. 317, 404 P.2d 140.

No basis for contempt after temporary injunction dissolved. — If a litigant violates a temporary injunction in a divorce action, during its existence, the litigant may be punished for civil or criminal contempt or both. However, if the temporary injunction is merged in the final decree of divorce, and thereby dissolved, no basis remains upon which to predicate a proceeding in contempt. Canavan v. Canavan, 1914-NMSC-019, 18 N.M. 640, 139 P. 154, 51 L.R.A. (n.s.) 972 (1914).

Repeated questioning cannot multiply contempts. — Although a witness cannot pick and choose the questions to which an answer will be given, nevertheless, the prosecution cannot multiply contempts by repeated questioning on the same subject of inquiry within which a recalcitrant witness already has refused answers. State v. Sanchez, 1976-NMCA-104, 89 N.M. 673, 556 P.2d 359.

Answering some questions may limit number of contempts. — Where, by answers to other questions, the witness held in contempt distinguished between questions directed to actions of the defendant toward herself and actions of defendant toward the deceased, consistently refusing to answer questions designed to establish whether the defendant had threatened her, but answering most questions directed to the relationship between defendant and the deceased, refusal to testify as to threats on her life and on that of the deceased constituted two contempts, not three. State v. Sanchez, 1976-NMCA-104, 89 N.M. 673, 556 P.2d 359.

Failure to verify motion may nullify jurisdiction. — Because the trial court had the matter of whether defendant should be cited for contempt for violating an injunction under advisement for 21 days and then entered judgment of conviction for contempt before the district attorney filed a verification of the motion that defendant be cited, the trial and judgment were nullities for lack of jurisdiction. State v. Clark, 1952-NMSC-023, 56 N.M. 123, 241 P.2d 328.

Direct and indirect contempts distinguished. — Direct contempts are contemptuous acts committed in the presence of the court. Indirect, or constructive, contempts are contemptuous acts committed outside the presence of the courts. In re Klecan, 1979-NMSC-094, 93 N.M. 637, 603 P.2d 1094.

Court's personal knowledge of contempt. — Where the district court summarily ordered the indefinite detention of petitioners, who were courtroom spectators, for contempt of court after a contentious hearing evolved into a courtroom disruption created by some, but not all, of the petitioners and the individual petitioners who were engaged in the disruptive behavior were not specifically identified, the summary contempt proceeding was inappropriate because the court did not have personal knowledge of the guilt or innocence of any single one of the thirty-two petitioners who were sentenced to jail. Concha v. Sanchez, 2011-NMSC-031, 150 N.M. 268, 258 P.3d 1060.

Reassignment of contempt order warranted in mistrial. — Because the judge, in declaring a mistrial, stated that he had become so involved in the case that he felt he could not fairly try it, the matter of the contempt order should have been left to another judge and not reassigned by the trial judge to himself. In re Klecan, 1979-NMSC-094, 93 N.M. 637, 603 P.2d 1094.

Evidence. — Where a trial court's order enjoined the national steelworkers from violating state and local laws relating to picketing, and it subsequently cited the union for contempt after an organized demonstration, the appellate court reversed on the grounds that the trial record did not show substantial evidence that the organizer was the agent of the national steelworkers. The organizer testified about receipt of two expense checks from the local union and the organizer's assistance to the local union. However, this evidence was not sufficient to establish the existence of an agency relationship nor was there evidence that, as an entity, national steelworkers initiated, participated in, authorized or ratified any illegal acts charged against it. City of Artesia v. United Steelworkers, 1974-NMCA-142, 87 N.M. 134, 529 P.2d 1255.

Different fines for distinct offenses. — Fact that the court, in proceedings for contempt for refusal to obey writ of injunction in mandamus proceedings, assessed several different fines for several distinct offenses in the same proceeding would not make the entire punishment void. In re Sloan, 1891-NMSC-011, 5 N.M. 590, 25 P. 930.

Propriety of sentences must be raised in trial court. — The propriety of a witness's sentences for contempt in refusing to answer questions put by the state was not before the court of appeals for review because the issue was not raised in the trial court. State v. Sanchez, 1976-NMCA-104, 89 N.M. 673, 556 P.2d 359.

Disruption of proceedings warranted contempt sanction. — Trial judge properly invoked inherent power to issue a contempt sanction to preserve the decorum, respect and dignity of the court since defendant refused to obey the trial judge's order to button his top button and fix his tie and by disrupting the proceedings through disorderly attempts to leave. Purpura v. Purpura, 1993-NMCA-001, 115 N.M. 80, 847 P.2d 314, cert. denied, 115 N.M. 79, 847 P.2d 313.

Attorney's violations of disbarment order and failure to appear at court proceedings to explain why he should not be sanctioned warranted five months of incarceration. In re Herkenhoff, 1997-NMSC-007, 122 N.M. 766, 931 P.2d 1382.

II. CIVIL OR CRIMINAL CONTEMPT.

Civil and criminal contempts distinguished. — Civil contempts are those proceedings instituted to preserve and enforce the rights of private parties to suits and to compel obedience to the orders, writs, mandates and decrees of the court; criminal contempt proceedings are instituted to preserve the authority and vindicate the dignity of the court. In re Klecan, 1979-NMSC-094, 93 N.M. 637, 603 P.2d 1094; Murphy v. Murphy, 1981-NMSC-069, 96 N.M. 401, 631 P.2d 307.

Trial of criminal and civil contempt may be, and often is, tried in the same proceeding. Indeed, the same conduct or acts may justify a court in resorting to coercive and punitive measures. State ex rel. Apodaca v. Our Chapel of Memories of N.M., Inc., 1964-NMSC-068, 74 N.M. 201, 392 P.2d 347.

Civil and criminal contempt in single act. — Contempts are neither wholly civil nor criminal, and it may not always be easy to classify a particular act as belonging to either one of these two classes. It may partake of the characteristics of both. State ex rel. Apodaca v. Our Chapel of Memories of N.M., Inc., 1964-NMSC-068, 74 N.M. 201, 392 P.2d 347.

Nature of punishment controls contempt classification. — In determining whether a contempt proceeding is civil or criminal or whether it partakes of the characteristics of both, the nature and purpose of the punishment, rather than the character of the acts to be punished, is a controlling factor. International Minerals & Chem. Corp. v. Local 177 United Stone & Allied Prods. Workers, 1964-NMSC-098, 74 N.M. 195, 392 P.2d 343.

Major factor in determining whether contempt is civil or criminal is the purposes for which the power is exercised. In re Klecan, 1979-NMSC-094, 93 N.M. 637, 603 P.2d 1094.

Public official or state involvement not determinative. — Although the alleged violation of an injunctive order was issued in an action brought by a public official charged with enforcement of a statutory duty and although the state was a party to the contempt proceeding neither fact was determinative of whether it was a civil or criminal proceeding. The purpose for which the power is exercised is a major factor in determining its character. State ex rel. Apodaca v. Our Chapel of Memories of N.M., Inc., 1964-NMSC-068, 74 N.M. 201, 392 P.2d 347.

Major factor in determining whether contempt is civil or criminal. — The fact that the state is a party to a contempt proceeding is not the conclusive factor in determining whether it is a criminal or civil proceeding. The major factor in determining whether a contempt is civil or criminal is the purpose for which the power is exercised. States ex rel. Bliss v. Greenwood, 1957-NMSC-071, 63 N.M. 156, 315 P.2d 223.

Proceeding is criminal if punitive, not remedial. — Where the primary purpose is to preserve the court's authority and to punish for disobedience of its orders, the contempt is criminal. Where the primary purpose is to provide a remedy for an injured suitor and to coerce compliance with an order, the contempt is civil. The polar concepts are "punitive" versus "remedial." State ex rel. Bliss v. Greenwood, 1957-NMSC-071, 63 N.M. 156, 315 P.2d 223.

Where the district court summarily ordered the indefinite detention of petitioners, who were courtroom spectators, for contempt of court after a contentious hearing evolved into a courtroom disruption created by some, but not all, of the petitioners; during the disruption, the petitioners who had been acting in a disruptive manner ceased doing so when the court orally announced that the court would send everyone to jail; and the court ordered the petitioners to be jailed when several unidentified petitioners made further disruptive statements, the commitment order was for criminal contempt because the petitioners were jailed for past behavior and could not obtain release from jail by complying with the court's orders. Concha v. Sanchez, 2011-NMSC-031, 150 N.M. 268, 258 P.3d 1060.

Criminal nature of acts may be considered, particularly if acts complained of are indictable crimes. International Minerals & Chem. Corp. v. Local 177 United Stone & Allied Prods. Workers, 1964-NMSC-098, 74 N.M. 195, 392 P.2d 343.

Collection of alimony is civil. — Where affidavits, motions and orders for contempt of court are filed in the original divorce action, and the prayer is for commitment to jail until costs and an amount decreed to plaintiff is paid, the proceeding is for civil and not criminal contempt. Canavan v. Canavan, 1914-NMSC-019, 18 N.M. 640, 139 P. 154, 51 L.R.A. (n.s.) 972 (1914).

Court need not label proceeding. — Witness who was sentenced for contempt had notice that a refusal to answer would be contempt and that sanctions in the form of a jail sentence or fine might be imposed; thus, the witness was not deprived of due process on a theory of lack of notice because the court failed to label the contempt proceedings as criminal. State v. Sanchez, 1976-NMCA-104, 89 N.M. 673, 556 P.2d 359.

III. CRIMINAL CONTEMPT.

Direct criminal contempt. — Conduct violating a court order in the court's presence constitutes direct criminal contempt and when contempt is direct, the court may punish in a summary proceeding. However, except in case of flagrant contemptuous conduct, before summary punishment for contempt may be imposed and enforced, the record should be clear that a specific warning was given by the judge, an opportunity to explain was afforded, and a hearing was held. In re Byrnes, 2002-NMCA-102, 132 N.M. 718, 54 P.3d 996.

Attorney's conduct was direct criminal contempt. — Attorney's refusal to answer the court's question in the presence of the court and the attorney's belligerent manner constituted direct criminal contempt. State v. Cherryhomes, 1985-NMCA-108, 103 N.M. 771, 714 P.2d 188, cert. denied, 103 N.M. 740, 713 P.2d 556 (1986).

Requirements before imposition of criminal contempt. — Before criminal contempt may be imposed and enforced, the following requirements must be met: (1) except in cases of flagrant contemptuous conduct, the trial court should not exercise the power of summary contempt in the absence of a prior warning; (2) there must be an opportunity to explain; and (3) there must be a hearing on the matter. Murphy v. Murphy, 1981-NMSC-069, 96 N.M. 401, 631 P.2d 307.

Essential rights must be preserved in criminal proceeding. — Since willful disobedience of a court's order is punishable by traditional criminal proceedings, and is sometimes referred to as quasi-criminal, the essential rights of the accused must be preserved and safeguarded. International Minerals & Chem. Corp. v. Local 177 United Stone & Allied Prods. Workers, 1964-NMSC-098, 74 N.M. 195, 392 P.2d 343.

Due process protections. — Where the district court summarily ordered the indefinite detention of petitioners, who were courtroom spectators, for contempt of court after a contentious hearing evolved into a courtroom disruption created by some, but not all, of the petitioners; the contempt orders provided no fair notice of the petitioners' alleged contemptuous behavior; the findings that petitioners were in contempt of court were not based on any evidence; the petitioners were not given any opportunity to prepare or to present any defense or afforded assistance of counsel; and petitioners were held without any opportunity to be released on bail, the district court's convictions and jail sentences of petitioners violated the due process protections of indirect criminal contempt proceedings. Concha v. Sanchez, 2011-NMSC-031, 150 N.M. 268, 258 P.3d 1060.

Due process for criminal contempt proceedings. — Criminal contempt proceedings vindicate the authority of the court by punishing completed acts of disobedience, and contemnors are entitled to the full panoply of due process protections afforded to criminal defendants. Tran v. Bennett, 2018-NMSC-009, rev'g No. 32,677, mem. op. (N.M. Ct. App. May 28, 2014) (non-precedential).

In a custody hearing, where the district court found the mother and biological father of a child in contempt of court for violating a stipulated order by unilaterally taking their child on a vacation that interfered with a third-party's visitation rights, and where the court imposed a fifteen-day term of imprisonment on the parents, the district court abused its discretion in its contempt order, because if the purpose of the sanction was to punish the parents for a violation of the stipulated order, there is no indication that the district court afforded the parents the full panoply of due process protections, followed the procedures of criminal law, or applied the heightened standard of proof associated with a criminal trial and the presumption of innocence. Tran v. Bennett, 2018-NMSC-009, rev'g No. 32,677, mem. op. (N.M. Ct. App. May 28, 2014) (non-precedential).

Accused presumed innocent. — The general rule is that an accused in a criminal contempt proceeding is presumed innocent until found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt by evidence introduced. International Minerals & Chem. Corp. v. Local 177 United Stone & Allied Prods. Workers, 1964-NMSC-098, 74 N.M. 195, 392 P.2d 343.

Self-incrimination. — A defendant in a criminal contempt proceeding cannot be compelled to testify against himself. International Minerals & Chem. Corp. v. Local 177 United Stone & Allied Prods. Workers, 1964-NMSC-098, 74 N.M. 195, 392 P.2d 343.

Right to bill of particulars. — An information charging a criminal contempt is a substitute for an indictment at common law. It serves the same purpose as the indictment in charging a criminal offense. The right of a defendant "to demand the nature and cause of the accusation," assured by N.M. const., art. II, § 14, is preserved by the right to a bill of particulars. The information and bill of particulars are to be read together as a single instrument constituting the accusation. Norton v. Reese, 1966-NMSC-154, 76 N.M. 602, 417 P.2d 205 (decided under prior law).

Summary punishment of criminal contemnor. — In the case of criminal contempt committed in its presence, the court has the power to punish the contemnor summarily. In re Klecan, 1979-NMSC-094, 93 N.M. 637, 603 P.2d 1094.

Criminal contempt punishment. — Commitments and fines for criminal contempt are imposed for the purpose of vindicating the authority of the court, are punitive in nature and intended as a deterrent to offenses against the public. International Minerals & Chem. Corp. v. Local 177 United Stone & Allied Prods. Workers, 1964-NMSC-098, 74 N.M. 195, 392 P.2d 343.

Factors in determining proper punishment for criminal contempt. — In imposing punishment for criminal contempt, the seriousness of the consequences of the contumacious behavior, the public interest in enforcing a termination of defendant's defiance and the importance of deterring future defiance are all matters to be considered by the trial court. The trial court is accorded large discretion. State ex rel. Apodaca v. Our Chapel of Memories of N.M., Inc., 1964-NMSC-068, 74 N.M. 201, 392 P.2d 347.

In imposing punishment for a criminal contempt, the seriousness of the consequences of the contumacious behavior, the public interest in enforcing a termination of a defendant's defiance and the importance of deterring future defiance are all matters to be considered by the trial court. State v. Pothier, 1986-NMSC-039, 104 N.M. 363, 721 P.2d 1294.

Abusive sentencing for failure to testify. — A sentence of 10 years for one count of criminal contempt, imposed upon a defendant who was given use immunity against prosecution in exchange for testimony, but who refused to answer any questions regarding a homicide regardless of the sentence to be imposed for contempt, was an abuse of discretion. Case v. State, 1985-NMSC-103, 103 N.M. 501, 709 P.2d 670).

IV. CIVIL CONTEMPT.

Sanctions against a public entity. — A district court's inherent power to impose sanctions for a party's misconduct during litigation includes the authority to issue a non-compensatory monetary sanction against a public entity. Harrison v. UNM Bd. of Regents, 2013-NMCA-105, cert. granted, 2013-NMCERT-010.

Where plaintiffs sued defendant for medical malpractice by a physician employed by defendant's medical center; plaintiff retained a physician who was employed by the state medical examiner and as a professor at defendant's medical center to serve as plaintiff's expert witness; an attorney in defendant's legal department contacted the physician's supervisors and suggested that the physician's involvement in the case created a conflict of interest with defendant's medical center and that the physician should withdraw; several days later, the physician withdrew from the case because the physician felt intimidated and feared that the physician's career was in jeopardy; after plaintiff and defendant settled the case, the district court imposed a $100,000 sanction against defendant, the district court had the authority to impose the non-compensatory sanction against defendant even though defendant was a public entity. Harrison v. UNM Bd. of Regents, 2013-NMCA-105, cert. granted, 2013-NMCERT-010.

Sanction for non-appearance. — In a child support proceeding, the district court awarded attorney's fees to the father of the child after the mother failed to appear at a scheduled hearing on the mother's objections to the special master's calculation of arrearages in child support; in the order awarding attorney's fees, mother had failed to appear at a previous hearing she had requested and at both hearings, father and his attorney had appeared; in her motion to set aside the order awarding attorney's fees, mother alleged that she notified the father's attorney and left telephone messages for the judge one hour before the hearing that she had medical problems which caused her failure to appear and offered to provide medical documentation, but mother did not explain why her medical history prevented her from either attending the hearing or rescheduling it; and the hearing on the motion was vacated by mother and she did not pursue it, the district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney's fees to the father. Thompson v. Dehne, 2009-NMCA-120, 147 N.M. 283, 220 P.3d 1132.

Neither willfulness nor intent is an element of civil contempt. State v. Rivera, 1998-NMSC-024, 125 N.M. 532, 964 P.2d 93.

Elements of civil contempt. — The elements necessary for a finding of civil contempt are knowledge of the court's order, an ability to comply and willful noncompliance with the order. State ex rel. Udall v. Wimberly, 1994-NMCA-121, 118 N.M. 627, 884 P.2d 518.

Categories of remedial sanctions for civil contempt. — Civil contempt proceedings are remedial, instituted to preserve and enforce the rights of private parties to suits and to compel obedience to the orders, writs, mandates and decrees of the court. If the court finds civil contempt, there are two general categories of remedial sanctions that the court may impose: compensatory sanctions or coercive sanctions. Compensatory sanctions may include damages or attorney's fees and are imposed for the purpose of compensating a party for pecuniary losses sustained due to the contempt. Coercive sanctions may include fines, imprisonment, or other sanctions designed to compel the contemnor to comply in the future with an order of the court. Tran v. Bennett, 2018-NMSC-009, rev'g No. 32,677, mem. op. (N.M. Ct. App. May 28, 2014) (non-precedential).

In a custody hearing, where the district court found the mother and biological father of a child in contempt of court for violating a stipulated order by unilaterally taking their child on a vacation that interfered with a third-party's visitation rights, and where the court imposed a fifteen-day term of imprisonment on the parents, the district court abused its discretion in its contempt order, because the sanction imposed by the district court could not compensate the third-party for any monetary damages sustained due to the contemptuous conduct, and was therefore not an appropriate remedial sanction for civil contempt of court. Tran v. Bennett, 2018-NMSC-009, rev'g No. 32,677, mem. op. (N.M. Ct. App. May 28, 2014) (non-precedential).

Purpose of civil contempt sanctions. — Judicial sanctions may be employed in civil contempt for either or both of two purposes: to coerce the defendant into compliance with the court's order and to compensate the complainant for losses sustained. State ex rel. Apodaca v. Our Chapel of Memories of N.M., Inc., 1964-NMSC-068, 74 N.M. 201, 392 P.2d 347.

Court may punish civil contempt by means of prison sentence in particular proceedings. Local 890 Int'l UMW v. N.J. Zinc Co., 1954-NMSC-067, 58 N.M. 416, 272 P.2d 322.

Imprisonment for civil contempt was ordered where a defendant had refused to do an affirmative act required by the provision of an order, which either in form or substance was mandatory in its character, such as an order by the court to answer certain questions. State v. Pothier, 1986-NMSC-039, 104 N.M. 363, 721 P.2d 1294.

Cease and desist order. — Cease and desist order was proper contempt sanction against governor and executive agency that continued implementation of public assistance program for several months following issuance of writ of mandamus by supreme court ordering the cessation of the program. State ex rel. Taylor v. Johnson, 1998-NMSC-015, 125 N.M. 343, 961 P.2d 768.

Court's discretion not abused. — A witness's two consecutive 90-day sentences for contempt were not an abuse of the trial court's discretion where the court informed the witness of possible consequences if the witness persisted in a refusal to answer the prosecution's questions, and by withholding answers to the questions, the witness deprived the state of evidence which may have borne directly on the charge of first-degree murder. State v. Sanchez, 1976-NMCA-104, 89 N.M. 673, 556 P.2d 359.

Judicial discretion to revoke suspended sentences. — In a hearing to revoke suspended sentences in civil contempt, the type of hearing, the procedure in such a hearing and the weight to be given the evidence at the hearing are largely matters in the trial court's discretion; thus, in the absence of a clear showing of abuse of discretion, the trial court's action will not be disturbed. Local 890 Int'l UMW v. N.J. Zinc Co., 1954-NMSC-067, 58 N.M. 416, 272 P.2d 322.

V. SUMMARY CONTEMPT.

Necessity for summary procedure in direct contempt case is far greater than in the case of contempt outside the presence of the court. Summary measures may be the only effective means of defending the dignity of judicial tribunals and of insuring that they are able to accomplish the purpose of their existence. State ex rel. Bliss v. Greenwood, 1957-NMSC-071, 63 N.M. 156, 315 P.2d 223.

Requirements for summary punishment of contempt. — Except in cases of flagrant, contemptuous conduct, before summary punishment for contempt may be imposed and enforced, the record should be clear that a specific warning was given by the judge, that an opportunity to explain was afforded and that a hearing was held. In re Klecan, 1979-NMSC-094, 93 N.M. 637, 603 P.2d 1094.

Summary contempt improper without disruption or disrespect of court. — Where an attorney's actions do not constitute violent disruption of the proceedings of a court or blatant disrespect for a judge, the imposition of summary contempt is not proper. In re Klecan, 1979-NMSC-094, 93 N.M. 637, 603 P.2d 1094.

Summary procedure does not violate due process. — Due process rights were not violated by summary contempt proceeding because the trial court took great care to make sure that the witness understood the question posed by the prosecution and understood that a continued refusal to answer could result in being held in contempt, allowed conference with counsel, and the court made it clear that by answering the questions in the presence of the jury the contempt could be purged. State v. Sanchez, 1976-NMCA-104, 89 N.M. 673, 556 P.2d 359.

Contempt sentence does not forfeit citizenship. — A person found guilty of contempt of court for failing to pay alimony and sentenced to imprisonment is not guilty of a felony and does not lose citizenship for this is not a public offense. 1933 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 33-565.

Law reviews. — For annual survey of criminal procedure in New Mexico, see 18 N.M.L. Rev. 345 (1988).

Am. Jur. 2d, A.L.R. and C.J.S. references. — 17 Am. Jur. 2d Contempt § 41 et seq.

Misconduct of officers in selection or summoning of jurors or grand jurors as contempt of court, 7 A.L.R. 345.

Procuring or attempting to procure witnesses to leave jurisdiction as contempt, 21 A.L.R. 247, 33 A.L.R. 607.

Communicating with grand jury as contempt, 29 A.L.R. 489.

Contempt for disobedience of mandamus, 30 A.L.R. 148.

Conduct of juror in respect of verdict as basis of charge of contempt, 32 A.L.R. 436.

Practicing or pretending to practice law without authority as contempt, 36 A.L.R. 533, 100 A.L.R. 236.

Subpoenaing unnecessary witnesses as contempt, 37 A.L.R. 1113.

Degree of proof necessary in contempt proceedings, 49 A.L.R. 975.

Duty of attorney to call witness or to procure or aid in procuring witness's attendance, 56 A.L.R. 174.

Necessity that hearing be allowed before imposition of punishment for contempt, 57 A.L.R. 545.

Shadowing, tampering or communicating with jurors as contempt, 63 A.L.R. 1269.

Refusal to keep promise to waive privilege against self-incrimination as contempt, 69 A.L.R. 855.

Criticism of attitude of the court or judge toward violations of liquor law as contempt, 97 A.L.R. 903.

Refusal of attorney to disclose identity of, whereabouts of, or other information relating to client as contempt, 101 A.L.R. 470.

Refusal or failure of clerk of court to comply with direction of court or judge on ground of its invalidity or supposed invalidity as contempt, 119 A.L.R. 1380.

Misconduct of jurors as contempt, 125 A.L.R. 1274.

Alteration, substitution, abstraction, withholding, or destruction of pleadings and papers by attorneys as criminal contempt, 151 A.L.R. 750.

Right to punish for contempt for failure to obey court order or decree that is either beyond power or jurisdiction of court or merely erroneous, 12 A.L.R.2d 1059.

Punishment of civil contempt in divorce cases by striking, pleading or entering default judgment or dismissal against contemnor, 14 A.L.R.2d 580.

Procuring perjury as contempt, 29 A.L.R.2d 1157.

Bail-jumping after conviction, failure to surrender or to appear for sentencing, and the like as contempt, 34 A.L.R.2d 1100.

Assaulting, threatening or intimidating witness as contempt of court, 52 A.L.R.2d 1297.

Accused's right to, and prosecution's privilege against, disclosure of identity of informer, 76 A.L.R.2d 262.

Court's power to punish for contempt, a child within the age group subject to the jurisdiction of juvenile court, 77 A.L.R.2d 1004.

Use of affidavits to establish contempt, 79 A.L.R.2d 657.

Perjury or false swearing as contempt, 89 A.L.R.2d 1258.

Separate contempt punishments on successive refusals to respond to same or similar questions, 94 A.L.R.2d 1246.

Circumstances under which one court can punish a contempt against another court, 99 A.L.R.2d 1100.

Delay in adjudication of contempt committed in the actual presence of court as affecting court's power to punish contemnor, 100 A.L.R.2d 439.

Effect of witness's violation of order of exclusion, 14 A.L.R.3d 16.

Prejudicial effect of holding accused in contempt of court in presence of jury, 29 A.L.R.3d 1399.

Attorney's refusal to accept appointment to defend indigent, or to proceed in such defense, is contempt, 36 A.L.R.3d 1221.

Allowance of attorney's fees in civil contempt proceedings, 43 A.L.R.3d 793.

Right to counsel in contempt proceedings, 52 A.L.R.3d 1002.

Power of court to control evidence or witnesses going before grand jury, 52 A.L.R.3d 1316.

Picketing court or judge as contempt, 58 A.L.R.3d 1297.

Assault on attorney as contempt, 61 A.L.R.3d 500.

Attorney addressing allegedly insulting remarks to court during course of trial as contempt, 68 A.L.R.3d 273.

Conduct of attorney in connection with making objections or taking exceptions during trial as contempt of court, 68 A.L.R.3d 314.

Refusal to answer questions before state grand jury as direct contempt of court, 69 A.L.R.3d 501.

Affidavit or motion for disqualification of judge as contempt, 70 A.L.R.3d 797.

Power of court to impose standard of personal appearance or attire, 73 A.L.R.3d 353.

Propriety of physically restraining defendant during trial, 90 A.L.R.3d 17.

Oral court order implementing prior written order or decree as independent basis of charge of contempt within contempt proceedings based on violation of written order, 100 A.L.R.3d 889.

Attorney's failure to attend court, or tardiness, as contempt, 13 A.L.R.4th 122.

Contempt finding as precluding substantive criminal charges relating to same transaction, 26 A.L.R.4th 950.

Authority of trial judge to impose costs or other sanctions against attorney who fails to appear at, or proceed with, scheduled trial, 29 A.L.R.4th 160.

Oral communications insulting to particular state judge, made to third party out of judge's physical presence, as criminal contempt, 30 A.L.R.4th 155.

Attorney's use of objectionable questions in examination of witness in state judicial proceeding as contempt of court, 31 A.L.R.4th 1279.

Failure to rise in state courtroom as constituting criminal contempt, 38 A.L.R.4th 563.

Intoxication of witness or attorney as contempt of court, 46 A.L.R.4th 238.

Validity and construction of state court's order precluding publicity or comment about pending civil case by counsel, parties, or witnesses, 56 A.L.R.4th 1214.

Contempt: state court's power to order indefinite coercive fine or imprisonment to exact promise of future compliance with court's order - anticipatory contempt, 81 A.L.R.4th 1008.

Profane or obscene language by party, witness or observer during trial proceedings as basis for contempt citation, 29 A.L.R.5th 702.

Holding jurors in contempt under state law, 93 A.L.R.5th 493.

17 C.J.S. Contempt §§ 27, 43.